Intraepithelial Lesions of Urinary Bladder: Morphologic Considerations

REFERENCES

• Chaturvedi V, Li L, Hodges S, et al. Superimposed histologic and genetic mapping of chromosome 17 alterations in human urinary bladder neoplasia. Oncogene 1997; 14: 2059–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chern HD, Becich MJ, Persad RA, et al. Clonal analysis of human recurrent superficial bladder cancer by immunohistochemistry of P53 and retinoblastoma proteins. J Urol 1996; 156: 1846–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordon-Cardo C. Molecular alterations in bladder cancer. Cancer Surv 1998; 32: 115–31.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Czerniak B, Chaturvedi V, Li L, et al. Superimposed histologic and genetic mapping of chromosome 9 in progression of human urinary bladder neoplasia: implications for a genetic model of multistep urothelial carcinogenesis and early detection of urinary bladder cancer. Oncogene 1999; 18: 1185–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farber E. Pre-cancerous steps in carcinogenesis. Their physiological adaptive nature. Biochim Biophys Acta 1984; 738: 171–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farber E. 27th Maude Abbott lecture. Cancer development as viewed by a pathologist: a different perspective. Mod Pathol 1988; 1: 2–3.
   Google Scholar
• Farber E, Rubin H. Cellular adaptation in the origin and development of cancer. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 2751–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izzo RV. Tumor stroma as a regulator of neoplastic behavior. Agonistic and antagonistic elements embedded in the same connective tissue [editorial]. Lab Invest 1995; 73: 157–60.
   Google Scholar
• Kroft SH, Oyasu R. Urinary bladder cancer: mechanisms of development and progression. Lab Invest 1994; 71: 158–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponte9n J, Guo Z. Precancer of the human cervix. Cancer Surv 1998; 32: 201–29.
   Google Scholar
• Sell S, Pierce GB. Maturation arrest of stem cell differentiation is a common pathway for the cellular origin of teratocarcinomas and epithelial cancers. Lab Invest 1994; 70: 6–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strohman R. Epigenesis: the missing beat in biotechnology? Biotechnology 1994; 12: 156–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visscher DW, Sarker F, Fridman R, Crissman JD. Biological and clinical significance of –invasion-associated– proteases in epithelial neoplasia. In: Weinstein RS, Graham AR, Anderson RE, et al, eds. Advances in pathology and laboratory medicine. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, 1994; 533–64.
   Google Scholar
• Wagner U, Sauter G, Moch H, et al. Patterns of p53, erbB-2, and EGF-r expression in premalignant lesions of the urinary bladder. Hum Pathol 1995; 26: 970–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auerbach O, Garfinkel L. Histologic changes in the urinary bladder in relation to cigarette smoking and use of artificial sweeteners. Cancer 1989; 64: 983–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Bolkainy MN, Mokhtar NM, Ghoneim MA, et al. The impact of schistosomiasis on the pathology of bladder carcinoma. Cancer 1981; 48: 2643–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunze E, Chang-Claude J, Frentzel-Beyme R. Life style and occupational risk factors for bladder cancer in Germany. A case-control study. Cancer 1992; 69: 1776– 90.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy WM. Diseases of the urinary bladder, urethra, ureters and renal pelves. In: Murphy WM, ed. Urological pathology, 2nd edn. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 1997: 64–7.
   Google Scholar
• Romanenko A, Lee CC, Yamamoto S, et al. Urinary bladder lesions after the Chernobyl accident: immuno-histochemical assessment of p53, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, cyclin D1 and p21WAF1/Cip1. Jpn J Cancer Res 1999; 90: 144–53.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shinka T, Sawada Y, Morimoto S, et al. Clinical study on urothelial tumors of dye workers in Wakayama City. J Urol 1991; 146: 1504–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman DT, Hartge P, Morrison AS, et al. Epidemiology of bladder cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin N Am 1992; 6: 1–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson AJ, Beck JS, Burnett RA, et al. Observer variability in histopathological reporting of transitional cell carcinoma and epithelial dysplasia in bladders. J Clin Pathol 1990; 43: 17–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharkey FE, Sarosdy MF. The significance of central pathology review in clinical studies of transitional cell carcinoma in situ. J Urol 1997; 157: 68–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melicow MM. Histological study of vesical urothelium intervening between gross neoplasm in total cystectomy. J Urol 1952; 68: 261–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melicow MM, Hollowell JW. Intra-urothelial cancer: carcinoma in situ, Bowen–s disease of the urinary system: discussion of thirty cases. J Urol 1952; 68: 763–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein JI, Amin MB, Reuter VR, et al. The World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology consensus classification of urothelial (transitional cell) neoplasms of the urinary bladder. Bladder Consensus Conference Committee. Am J Surg Pathol 1998; 22: 1435–48.
   Google Scholar
• Mostofi FK, Davis CJ, Sesterhenn IA. Histological typing of urinary bladder tumours. World Health Organization international histological classification of tumours, 2nd edn. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng L, Cheville JC, Neumann RM, et al. Survival of patients with carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. Cancer 1999; 85: 2469–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrow GM. Pathology of carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder and related lesions. J Cell Biochem Suppl 1992; 161: 39–43.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy WM. Diseases of the urinary bladder, urethra, ureters and renal pelves. In: Murphy WM, ed. Urological pathology, 2nd edn. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 1997: 87–90.
   Google Scholar
• Orozco RE, Martin AA, Murphy WM. Carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. Clues to host involvement in human carcinogenesis. Cancer 1994; 74: 115–22.
   Google Scholar
• Gustafson H, Tribukait B, Esposti PL. The prognostic value of DNA analysis in primary carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1982; 16: 141–6.
   Google Scholar
• Hashimoto Y, Asamoto M, Futakuchi M, et al. Immunohistochemical demonstration of p53 protein nuclear accumulation in preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions of the human urinary bladder. J Urol Pathol 1996; 5: 21–2.
   Google Scholar
• Li B, Kanamaru H, Noriki S, et al. Reciprocal expression of bcl-2 and p53 oncoproteins in urothelial dysplasia and carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Urol Res 1998; 26: 235–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sanchez-Fernandez de Sevilla MC, Morell-Quadreny L, Gil-Salom M, et al. Morphometric, and immunohisto-chemical characterization of bladder carcinoma in situ and its preneoplastic lesions. Eur Urol 1992; 21 Suppl 1: 5–9.
   Google Scholar
• Tyrkus M, Powell I, Fakr W. Cytogenetic studies of carcinoma in situ of the bladder: prognostic implications. J Urol 1992; 148: 44–6.
   Google Scholar
• Hudson MA, Herr HW. Carcinoma in situ of the bladder. J Urol 1995; 153: 564–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Utz DC, Farrow GM, Rife CC, et al. Carcinoma in situ of the bladder. Cancer 1980; 45: 1842–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf H, Olsen PR, Fischer A, H9jgaard K. Urothelial atypia concomitant with primary bladder tumor. Incidence in a consecutive series of 500 unselected patients. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1987; 21: 33–8.
   Google Scholar
• Althausen AF, Prout Jr GR, Daly JJ. Non-invasive papillary carcinoma of the bladder associated with carcinoma in situ. J Urol 1976; 116: 575–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper PH, Waisman J, Johnston WH, Skinner DG. Severe atypia of transitional epithelium and carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Cancer 1973; 31: 1055–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg RB, Roth RB, Schweinberg MH. Bladder tumors and associated proliferative mucosal lesions. J Urol 1960; 84: 544–50.
   Google Scholar
• Heney NM, Nocks BN, Daly JJ, Prout Jr GR, et al. Ta and T1 bladder cancer: location, recurrence and progression. Br J Urol 1982; 54: 152–7.
   Google Scholar
• Herr HW. Intravesical BCG: current results, natural history and implications for urothelial cancer prevention. J Cell Biochem Suppl 1992; 161: 112–9.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy WM, Soloway MS. Developing carcinoma (dysplasia) of the urinary bladder. Pathol Annu 1982; 1: 197–217.
   Google Scholar
• Schade ROK, Swinney J. Precancerous changes in bladder epithelium. Lancet 1968; 2: 943–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skinner DG. Current state of classification and staging of bladder cancer. Cancer Res 1977; 37: 2838–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith G, Elton RA, Beynon LL, et al. Prognostic significance of biopsy results of normal-looking mucosa in cases of superficial bladder cancer. Br J Urol 1983; 55: 665–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wolf H, H9jgaard K. Prognostic factors in local surgical management of invasive bladder cancer with special reference to the presence of urothelial dysplasia. Cancer 1983; 51: 1710–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenkilde-Olsen P, Wolf H, Schroeder T, Fischer A, H9jgaard K. Urothelial atypia and survival rate of 500 unselected patients with primary transitional cell tumour of the urinary bladder. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1988; 22: 257–63.
   Google Scholar
• Barlebo H, So9rensen BL. Flat epithelial changes in the urinary bladder in patients with prostatic hypertrophy. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1972; 6 (Suppl 15): 121–8.
   Google Scholar
• Koss LG, Melamed MR, Kelly RE. Further cytologic and histologic studies of bladder lesions in workers exposed to para-aminodiphenyl: progress report. J Natl Cancer Inst 1969; 43: 233–43.
   Google Scholar
• Riddle PR, Chisholm GD, Trott PA, Pugh RCB. Flat carcinoma in situ of the bladder. Br J Urol 1975; 47: 829–33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Utz DC, Hanash KA, Farrow GM. The plight of the patient with carcinoma in situ of the bladder. J Urol 1970; 103: 160–4.
   Google Scholar
• Yates-Bell AJ. Carcinoma in situ of the bladder. Br J Surg 1971; 58: 359–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norming U, Tribukait B, Gustafson H, Nyman CR, et al. Deoxyribonucleic acid profile and tumor progression in primary carcinoma in situ of the bladder: a study of 63 patients with grade 3 lesions. J Urol 1992; 147: 11–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen SE, Harving N, Orntoft T, Wolf H. Clonal heterogeneity of aneuploid cell populations in carcinoma in situ of the bladder: a flow cytometric study. Scand J Urol Nephrol (Suppl) 1988; 110: 213–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheng L, Cheville JC, Neumann RM, et al. Flat intraepithelial lesions of the urinary bladder. Cancer 2000; 88: 625–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito N, Hiasa Y, Tamai A, et al. Histogenesis of urinary bladder tumors induced by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine in rats. Gann 1969; 60: 401–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kunze E, Schauer A, Schatt S. Stages of transformation in the development of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine-induced transitional cell carcinomas in the urinary bladder of rats. Z Krebsforsch Klin Onkol Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1976; 87: 139–160.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy WM. Carcinoma in situ and dysplasia of the urothelium. In: Schmidt WA, Miller TR, eds. Cyto-pathology annual. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1992: 103–18.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng L, Cheville JC, Neumann RM, et al. Natural history of urothelial dysplasia of the bladder. Am J Surg Pathol 1999; 23: 443–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glashan RW, Wijesinghe DP, Riley A. The early changes in the development of bladder cancer in patients exposed to known industrial carcinogens. Br J Urol 1981; 53: 571–7.
   Google Scholar
• Harnden P, Eardley I, Joyce AD, et al. Cytokeratin 20 as an objective marker of urothelial dysplasia. Br J Urol 1996; 78: 870–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schade RO, Swinney J. The association of urothelial abnormalities with neoplasia: a 10-year followup. J Urol 1983; 129: 1125–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuk RJ, Rogers HS, Martin JE, et al. Clinicopathologi-cal importance of primary dysplasia of bladder. J Clin Pathol 1988; 41: 1277–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrow GM, Utz DC, Rife CC. Morphological and clinical observations of patients with early bladder cancer treated with total cystectomy. Cancer Res 1976; 36: 2495–501.
   Google Scholar
• Koss LG. Tumors of the urinary tract and prostate in urinary sediment. In: Koss LG, ed. Diagnostic cytology and its histopathologic bases, 4th edn. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott Co., 1992: 940–4.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy WM Urinary cytopathology. Chicago, IL: ASCP Press,: 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Coon JS, McCall A, Miller III AW, et al. Expression of blood-group-related antigens in carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. Cancer 1985; 56: 797–804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heney NM, Daly J, Prout Jr GR, et al. Biopsy of apparently normal urothelium in patients with bladder carcinoma. J Urol 1978; 120: 559–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstadter F, Delgado R, Jakse G, et al. Urothelial dysplasia and carcinoma in situ of the bladder. Cancer 1986; 57: 356–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy WM, Nagy GK, Rao MK, et al. –Normal– urothelium in patients with bladder cancer: a preliminary report from the National Bladder Cancer Collaborative Group A. Cancer 1979; 44: 1050–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf H, H–jgaard K. Urothelial dysplasia in random mucosal biopsies from patients with bladder tumours. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1980; 14: 37–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koss LG. Mapping of the urinary bladder: its impact on the concepts of bladder cancer. Hum Pathol 1979; 10: 533–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young RH. Non-neoplastic epithelial abnormalities and tumor like lesions. In: Young RH, ed. Pathology of the urinary bladder. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1989: 1–63.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy WM, Miller AW. Cytology in the detection and follow-up of urothelial tumors. In: Javadpour N, ed. Bladder cancer. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1984: 100–22.
   Google Scholar
• Ash JE. Epithelial tumors of the bladder. J Urol 1940; 44: 135–45.
   Google Scholar
• Mostofi FK, Sobin LH, Torloni H. Histological typing of urinary bladder tumours. World Health Organization international classification of tumours, No. 10. Geneva, 1973.
   Google Scholar
• Bastacky S, Ibrahim S, Wilczynski SP, et al. The accuracy of urinary cytology in daily practice. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 1999; 87: 118–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik SN, Murphy WM. Monitoring patients for bladder neoplasms: what can be expected of urinary cytology consultations in clinical practice. Urology 1999; 54: 62– 6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Righi E, Rossi G, Ferrari G, et al. Does p53 immuno-staining improve diagnostic accuracy in urine cytology? Diagn Cytopathol 1997; 17: 436–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paez A, Coba JM, Murillo N, et al. Reliability of routine cytological diagnosis in bladder cancer. Eur Urol 1999; 35: 228–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Poel HG, van Balken MR, Schamhart DH, et al. Bladder wash cytology, quantitative cytology, and the qualitative BTA test in patients with superficial bladder cancer. Urology 1998; 51: 44–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardales RH, Pitman MB, Stanley MW, et al. Urine cytology of primary and secondary urinary bladder adenocarcinoma. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 1998; 84: 335–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Hoeven KH, Artymyshyn RL. Cytology of small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Diagn Cytopathol 1996; 14: 292–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stonehill WH, Goldman HB, Dmochowski RR. The use of urine cytology for diagnosing bladder cancer in spinal cord injured patients [see comments]. J Urol 1997; 157: 2112–4.
   Google Scholar
• Boon ME, van Keep JP, Kok LP. Polyomavirus infection versus high-grade bladder carcinoma. The importance of cytologic and comparative morphometric studies of plastic- embedded voided urine sediments. Acta Cytol 1989; 33: 887–93.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy WM, Crissman JD, Johansson SL, et al. Recommendations for the reporting of urinary bladder specimens that contain bladder neoplasms. Mod Pathol 1996; 9: 796–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy WM. ASCP survey on anatomic pathology examination of the urinary bladder. Am J Clin Pathol 1994; 102: 715–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy WM, Ramsey J, Soloway MS. A better nuclear fixative for diagnostic bladder and prostate biopsies. J Urol Pathol 1993; 1: 79–87.
   Google Scholar
• Holma–ng S, Hedelin H, Anderstrom C, et al. The importance of the depth of invasion in stage T1 bladder carcinoma: a prospective cohort study. J Urol 1997; 157: 800–3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyer-Boon ME, Voorn-den Hollander MJ. Cell yield obtained with various cytopreparatory techniques for urinary cytology. Acta Cytol 1978; 22: 589–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koss LG, Deitch D, Ramanathan R, et al. Diagnostic value of cytology of voided urine. Acta Cytol 1985; 29: 810–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar