Prevalence of Non-diabetic Renal Disease Among African-American Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus

REFERENCES

• US Renal Data System. USRDS Annual Data Report. The National Institutes of Health. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Bethesda, MD. Am J Kidney Dis 1999; 34: 541–50.
   Google Scholar
• Harris MI. Epidemiologic correlates of NIDDM in Hispanics, whites and blacks in the U.S. population. Diabetes Care 1991; 14: 639–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter JS, Pugh JA, Monterossa A. Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in minorities in the United States. Ann Intern Med 1996; 125: 221–32.
   Google Scholar
• Olsen S, Mogensen CF. How often is NIDDM complicated with non-diabetic renal disease. An analysis of renal biopsies and the literature. Diabetologia 1996; 39: 1638–45.
   Google Scholar
• Mauer SM, Steffes MW, Ellis EN, Sutherland DE, Brown DM, Goetz FC. Structural-functional relation-ships in diabetic nephropathy. J Clin Invest 1984; 74: 1143–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards NT, Greaves I, Lee SJ, Howe AJ, Adu D, Michael J. Increased prevalence of renal biopsy findings other than diabetic glomerulopathy in type II diabetes mellitus. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992; 7: 397–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalk WJ, Joanou J, Ntsepo S, Mahomed I, Mahanlal P. Becker J. Ethnic differences in the clinical and laboratory associations with retinopathy in adult onset diabetes: studies in patients of African European and Indian origins. J Intern Med 1997; 241: 31–7.
   Google Scholar
• Harris EL, Feldman S, Robinson CR, Sherman S, Georgopoulous A. Racial differences in the relationship between blood pressure and risk of retinopathy among individuals with NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1993; 16: 748–54.
   Google Scholar
• Tull ES, Roseman JM. Diabetes in African Americans. In: Diabetes in America. US Department of Health and Human Services 1995; NIH publication no. 95–1460: 621.
   Google Scholar
• Goldschmid MG, Domin WS, Ziemer DC, Gallina DL, Phillips LS. Diabetes in urban African-Americans. II. High prevalence of microalbuminuria and nephropathy in African-Americans with diabetes. Diabetes Care 1995; 18: 955–61.
   Google Scholar
• Boyle JP, Engelau MM, Thompson TJ, Goldschmid MG, Heckles GL, Timberlake DS, et al. Estimating prevalence of type I and type II diabetes in a population of African Americans with diabetic mellitus. Am J Epidemiol 1999; 149: 55–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization Expert Committee on Diabetes Mellitus Second Report on Diabetes Mellitus. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1989. p. 8–14 (WHO Technical Report Series 646).
   Google Scholar
• Mitch WE, Walser M. A simple method of estimating progression of chronic renal failure. Lancet 1976; ii: 1326–28.
   Google Scholar
• Olson JL. Diabetes mellitus. In: Heptinstall RH, (editor). Pathology of the kidney. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Co. 1992: 1715–56.
   Google Scholar
• John GT, Date A, Korula A, Jeyaseelan L, Shastry JC, Jacob CK. Non-diabetic renal disease in noninsulin-dependent diabetics in a South Indian hospital. Nephron 1994; 67: 441–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinknecht D, Bennis D, Altman JJ. Increased prevalence of non-diabetic renal pathology in type II diabetes mellitus. Nephrol Dial Transpl 1992; 7: 1258–9.
   Google Scholar
• Gambara V, Mecca G, Remuzzi G, Bertain T. Hetero-genous nature of renal lesions of type II diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol 1993; 3: 1458–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruggenenti P. Remuzzi G. Nephropathy of type-2 diabetes mellitus. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998; 9: 2157–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldherr R, Ilkenhans C, Ritz E. How frequent is glomerulonephritis in diabetes mellitus type II? Clin Nephrol 1992; 37: 271–3.
   Google Scholar
• Korbet SM, Genchi R, Borok RZ, Schwartz MM. The racial prevalence of glomerular lesions in nephrotic adults. Am J Kidney Dis 1996; 27: 647–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas M, Meehan SM, Karrison TG, Spargo BH. Changing etiologies of unexplained adult nephrotic syndrome. A comparison of renal biopsy findings from 1976-1979 and 1995-1997. Am J Kid Dis 1997; 30: 621–31.
   Google Scholar
• Macrae J, Nicastri A, Chen K. Diabetic nephropathy without hyperglycemia. J Diabetes Complications 1990; 4: 126–31.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kanauchi M, Kawano T, Uyama H, Shiiki H, Dohi K. Discordance between retinopathy and nephropathy in type 2 diabetes. Nephron 1998; 80: 171–4.
   Google Scholar
• Friedman EA, L'Esperance FA. Diabetic renal—retinal syndrome. Arch Intern Med 1981; 140: 1149–50.
   Google Scholar
• Mane M, Benadet P. Gallois Y, Savagner F, Guyene T-T, Hallab M, et al. Relationships between angiotensin I converting enzyme gene and renal complications. Diabetes 1994; 43: 384–8.
   Google Scholar
• Krowlewski A. Genetics of diabetic nephropathy: evidence for major and minor gene effects. Nephrology Forum. Kidney Int 1999; 55: 1582–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 977–86.
   Google Scholar
• UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Intensive blood glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998; 352: 837–53.
   Google Scholar
• UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Effect of intensive blood glucose control with metformin on complications with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet 1998; 352: 854–65.
   Google Scholar
• DeFronzo RA. Pharmacologic therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 1999; 131: 281–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper ME. Pathogenesis and treatment of diabetic nephropathy. Lancet 1998; 352: 213–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziemer DC, Goldschmid MG, Musey VC, Domin WS Thule PM, Gallina DL, et al. Diabetes in urban African Americans. III. Management of type II diabetes in a municipal hospital setting. Am J Med 1996; 101: 25–33.
   Google Scholar
• Prewitt E. Inner-city health care. Ann Intern Med 1997; 127: 485–90.
   Google Scholar