Pregnancy and Lupus Nephritis

References

• Cervera R, Khamastha M, Font J, Sebastiani GD, Gil A, Lavilla P, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical and immunologic patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1000 patients. Medicine 1993; 72: 113–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julkunen H, Kaaja R, Friman C. Contraceptive practice in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Br J Rheumatol 1993; 32: 227–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petri M, Robinson C. Oral contraceptives and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1997; 40: 797–803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mok CC, Lau CS, Wong RWS. Risk factors for ovarian failure in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus receiving cyclophosphamide therapy. Arthritis Rheum 1998; 41: 831–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burkett G. Lupus nephropathy and pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1985; 28: 310–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Packham DK, Lam SS, Nicholls K, Fairley KF, Kincaid-Smith PS. Lupus nephritis and pregnancy. Q J Med 1992; 83: 315–24.
   Google Scholar
• Julkunen H. Renal lupus in pregnancy. Scand J Rheumatol 1998; 27 (Suppl 107): 80–3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fraga A, Mintz G, Orozco J. Sterility and fertility rates, fetal wastage and maternal morbidity in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1974; 1: 293–8.
   Google Scholar
• Lindheimer MD, Katz AT. The kidney and hypertension in pregnancy. In: Brenner BM, Rector FC, editors. The kidney. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1991. p. 1572.
   Google Scholar
• Lim VS. Reproductive function in patients with renal insufficiency. Am J Kidney Dis 1987; 4: 363–7.
   Google Scholar
• Ramos EL, Tilney NL, Ravenscraft MD. Clinical aspects of renal transplantation. In: Brenner BM, Rector FC, editors. The kidney. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1991. p. 2393.
   Google Scholar
• Boumpas DT, Austin HA, Vaughan EM, Yarboro CH, Klippel JH, Balow JE. Risk of sustained amenorrhea in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus receiving intermittent pulse cyclophosphamide therapy. Ann Intern Med 1993; 119: 366–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Cruz, Guadrado MJ, Mujic F, Tungekar MF, Kha-mastha M, Taub N, Lloyd M, et al. Immunosuppressive therapy in lupus nephritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1997; 15: 275–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDermott EM, Powell JP. Incidence of ovarian failure in systemic lupus erythematosus after treatment with pulse cyclophosphamide. Ann Rheum Dis 1996; 55: 224–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roubenoff R, Hoyt J, Petri M, Hochberg MC, Hellman DB. Effects of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppres-sive drugs on pregnancy and fertility. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1998; 18: 88–110.
   Google Scholar
• Jungers P, Dougados M, Pelissier C, Kuttenn F, Tron F, Lesavre P, et al. Influence of oral contraceptive therapy on the activity of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1982; 25: 618–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julkunen H. Oral contraceptives in systemic lupus erythematosus: side-effects and influence on the activity of SLE. Scand J Rheumatol 1991; 20: 427–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buyon JP, Kalunian KC, Skovron ML.Can women with systemic lupus erythematosus safely use exogenous estrogens? J Clin Rheumatol 1995; 1: 205–12.
   Google Scholar
• Kincaid-Smith P, Fairley KF, Kloss M. Lupus anti-coagulant associated with renal thrombotic microangi-opathy and renal failure. Q J Med 1988; 69: 795–815.
   Google Scholar
• Julkunen H, Kaaja R, Jouhikainen T, Teppo AM, Friman C. Malignant hypertension and antiphospholipid anti-bodies as presenting features of SLE in a young woman on oral contraceptives. Br J Rheumatol 1991; 30: 471–2.
   Google Scholar
• Asherson RA, Harris EN, Hughes GRV. Complications of oral contraceptives and antiphospholipid antibodies. Arthritis Rheum 1998; 31: 575–6.
   Google Scholar
• Mintz G, Gutierrez G, Deleze M, Rodriguez E. Contra-ception with progestagens in systemic lupus erythema-tosus. Contraception 1984; 30: 29–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockshin MD, Reinitz E, Druzin ML, Murrman M, Estes D. Lupus pregnancy. Case-control prospective study demonstrating absence of lupus exacerbation during or after pregnancy. Am J Med 1984; 77: 893–8.
   Google Scholar
• Mintz G, Niz J, Gutierrez G, Carcia-Alonso A, Karchmer S. Prospective study of pregnancy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Results of a multidisciplinary approach. J Rheumatol 1986; 13: 732–9.
   Google Scholar
• Urowitch MB, Gladman DD, Farewel VT, Stewart J, McDonald J. Lupus and pregnancy studies. Arthritis Rheum 1993; 36: 1392–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wong KL, Chan FY, Lee CP. Outcome of pregnancy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospec-tive study. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151: 269–73.
   Google Scholar
• Petri M, Howard D, Repke J. Frequency of lupus flare in pregnancy. The Hopkins Lupus Pregnancy Center experience. Arthritis Rheum 1991; 34: 1538–45.
   Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Irastorza G, Lima F, Alves J, Khamastha MA, Simpson J, Hughes GR. Increased rate of lupus flare during pregnancy and the puerperium. Br J Rheumatol 1996; 35: 133–8.
   Google Scholar
• Petri M. Pregnancy in SLE. Bailliere' s Clin Rheumatol 1998; 12: 449–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nossent HC, Swaak TJG. Systemic lupus erythematosus VI: analysis of the interrelationship between pregnancy. J Rheumatol 1990; 17: 771–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tincani A, Faden D, Tarantini M, Lojacono A, Tanzi P, Gastaldi A, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy: a prospective study. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1992; 10: 439–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khamastha MA, Ruiz-Irastorza G, Hughes GRV. Systemic lupus erythematosus flares during pregnancy. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1997; 23: 15–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oviasu E, Hicks J, Cameron JS. The outcome of pregnancy in women with lupus nephritis. Lupus 1999; 1: 19–25.
   Google Scholar
• Julkunen H, Kaaja R, Palosuo T, Grönhagen-Riska C, Teramo K. Pregnancy in lupus nephropathy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1993; 72: 258–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petri M. Hopkins Lupus Pregnancy Center: 1987 to 1996. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1997; 23: 1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bear RA. Pregnancy in patients with renal disease. A study of 44 cases. Obstet Gynecol 1976; 48: 13–18.
   Google Scholar
• First MR, Pollak VE. Pregnancy and renal disease. In: Schrier RW, Gottschalk CW, editors. Diseases of the kidney, 5th ed. Boston: Little Brown; 1993. p. 2287–310.
   Google Scholar
• Huong DLT, Wechsler B, Piette J-C. Pregnancy and its outcome in systemic lupus erythematosus. Q J Med 1994; 87: 721–9.
   Google Scholar
• Kniaz D, Eisenberg GM, Elrad H, Johnson CA, Valaitis J, Bregman H. Postpartum hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with antiphospholipid antibodies: a case report and review of the literature. Am J Nephrol 1992; 12: 126–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kochenour NK, Branch DW, Rote NS, Scott JR. A new postpartum syndrome associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 69: 460–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockshin MD, Qamar T, Druzin M. Hazards of lupus pregnancy. J Rheumatol 1987; 14 (suppl 13): 214–17.
   Google Scholar
• Buyon JP, Tamerius J, Ordorica S, Ordorica S, Young B, Abramson SB. Activation of the alternative complementpathway accompanies disease flares in systemic lupus erythematosus during pregnancy. Arthritis Rheum 1992; 35: 55–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buyon JP, Cronstein BN, Morris M, Tanner M, Weiss-man G. Serum complement values (C3 and C4) to differentiate between systemic lupus activity and pre-eclampsia. Am J Med 1986; 81: 194–200.
   Google Scholar
• Out HJ, Dercksen RHWM, Christiaens GCML. Systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy. Obstet Gyn Survey 1989; 4: 485–91.
   Google Scholar
• Krane NK, Thakur V, Wood H, Meleg-Smith S. Evaluation of lupus nephritis during pregnancy by renal biopsy. Am J Nephrol 1995; 15: 186–91.
   Google Scholar
• Branch DWG, Andres R, Digre KB, Rote NS, Scott JR. The association of antiphospholipid antibodies with severe preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 1996; 87: 494–500.
   Google Scholar
• Ornstein MH, Rand JR. An association between refractory HELLP syndrome and antiphospholipid anti-bodies during pregnancy: a report of two cases. J Rheumatol 1994; 21: 1360–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julkunen H, Jouhikainen T, Kaaja R, Leirisalo-Repo M, Palosuo T, Teramo K, Friman C. Fetal outcome in lupus pregnancy. A retrospective case-control study of 242 pregnancies in 112 patients. Lupus 1993; 2: 125–31.
   Google Scholar
• Lima F, Buchanan NMM, Khamastha M, Kerslake S, Hughes GR. Obstetric outcome in systemic lupus erythematosus. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1995; 25: 184–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fine LG, Barnett EV, Danovitch GM. Systemic lupus erythematosus in pregnancy. Ann Intern Med 1981; 94: 667–77.
   Google Scholar
• Rahman P, Gladman DD, Urowitch M. Clinical pre-dictors for fetal outcome in systemic lupus erthematosus. J Rheumatol 1998; 25: 1526–30.
   Google Scholar
• Welsch S, Branch DW. Antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1997; 23: 71–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branch DW, Silver RM, Blackwell JL, Reading JC, Scott JR. Outcome of treated pregnancies in women with antiphospholipid syndrome: an update of the Utah experience. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 80: 614–20.
   Google Scholar
• Out HJ, Kooijman CD, Bruinse HW, Dercksen RH. Histopathological findings in placentae from patientswith intrauterine fetal death and antiphospholipid anti-bodies. J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1991; 41: 179–86.
   Google Scholar
• Bakimer R, Cohen JR, Shoenfeld Y. What really happens to fecundity in autoimmune diseases? Immunol Allerg Clin North Am 1994; 14: 701–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julkunen H, Jouhikainen T, Kaaja R. Fetal outcome in lupus pregnancy: the prognostic significance of untreated and treated lupus anticoagulant. J Rheumatol 1994; 21: 971–2.
   Google Scholar
• Harris EN, Pierangeli SS, Gharavi AE. Diagnosis of the antiphospholipid syndrome: a proposal for use of laboratory tests. Lupus 1998; 7 Suppl: 144–8.
   Google Scholar
• Lee RM, Emlen W, Scott JR, Branch DW, Silver RM. Anti-beta2-glycoprotein 1 antibodies in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion, unexplained fetal death, and antiphospholipid syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 181: 642–8.
   Google Scholar
• Julkunen H, Kurki P, Kaaja R, Heikkild R, Immonen I, Chan EK, Wallgren E, Friman C. Isolated congenital heart block: long-term outcome of mothers and charac-terization of the immune response to SS-A/Ro and SS-B/ La. Arthritis Rheum 1993; 36: 1588–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng CE, Buyon J. Neonatal lupus syndromes. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1997; 23: 31–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toyota T, Yorioka N, Takahashi N, Moriishi M, Kawanishi H, Thuchiya T. Successful birth in a hemodialysis patient with SUE. Nephron 1993; 65: 331–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shohaib SA. Reactivation of systemic lupus erythema-tosus by pregnancy in a hemodialysis patient. Nephron 1997; 77: 238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azevedo LS, Romao JE Jr, Malheiros D, Saldanha LB, Ianhez LE, Sabbaga E. Renal transplantation in systemic lupus erythematosus. A case control study of 45 patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13: 2894–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagon JA, Vernaeve H, DeMuylder X, Lafontaine ll, Martens J, Van Roost G. Pregnancy and dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 31: 756–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakabayashi M, Adachi T, Itoh S, Kobayashi M, Mishina J, Nishida H. Perinatal and infant outcome of pregnant patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Nephron 1999; 82: 27–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toma H, Tanabe K, Tokumoto T, Kobayashi C, Yagisawa T. Pregnancy in women receiving renal dialysis or transplantation in Japan: a nationwide survey of pregnancies on renal replacement therapy in Japan. Nephrol Dial Transpl 1999; 14: 1511–16.
   Google Scholar
• Mascola MA, Repke JT. Obstetrtic management of the high-risk pregnancy. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1997; 23: 119–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostensen M, Ostensen H. Safety of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in pregnant patients with rheumatic diseases. J Rheumatol 1996; 23: 1045–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsukawa Y, Nishinarita S, Hone T, Hayama T. Successful child bearing during intravenous cyclopho-sphamide therapy in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Br J Rheumatol 1998; 37: 342–3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Canadian Hydroxychloquine Study Group: A rando-mized study of the effect of withdrawing hydroxychlo-quine sulfate in systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 150–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchanan NMM, Toubi E, Khamastha MA, Lima F, Kerslake S, Hughes GR. Hydroxychloroquine and lupus pregnancy: review of a series of 36 cases. Ann Rheum Dis 1996; 55: 486–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parke A, West B. Hydroxychloroquine in pregnant patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1996; 23: 1715–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy M, Buskila D, Gladman DD, Urowitch MB, Koren G. Pregnancy outcome following first trimester exposure to chloroquine. Am J Perinatol 1991; 8: 174–8.
   Google Scholar
• NIB: National Institutes of Health, The Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. NIB-Publication No. 98–4080, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. International Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hyper-tension. J Hypertension 1999; 17: 151–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Irastorza G, Khamastha M, Hughes G. Treatment of the antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy. Scand J Rheumatol 1998; 27 (suppl) 107: 44–7.
   Google Scholar
• Marzusch K, Died J, Klein R, Hornung D, Neuer A, Berg PA. Recurrent first trimester spontaneous abortion associated with antiphospholipid antibodies: a pilot study of treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1996; 75: 922–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubbe WF, Butler WS, Palmer SJ, Liggins GC. Fetal survival after prednisone suppression of maternal lupus anticoagulant. Lancet 1983; 1: 1361–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silveira LH, Hubble CL, Jara LJ, Saway S, Martinez-Osuna P, Seleznick MJ. Prevention of anticardiolipin-related pregnancy losses with prednisone and aspirin. Am J Med 1992; 93: 403–11.
   Google Scholar
• Cowchock FS, Reese EA, Balaban D. Repeated fetal losses associated with antiphospholipid antibodies: a collaborative randomised trial comparing prednisone to low dose heparin treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166: 1318–23.
   Google Scholar
• Silver RK, MacGregor SN, Sholl JS, Hobart JM, Neerhof MG. Comparative trial of prednisone plus aspirin versus aspirin alone in the treatment of anticardiolipin antibody-positive obstetric patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993; 169: 1411–17.
   Google Scholar
• Lima F, Khamastha MA, Buchanan NMIVI, Kerslake S, Hunt BJ, Hughes GR. A study of sixty pregnancies in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1996; 14: 131–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosove MH, Tabsh K, Wasserstrum N, Howard P, Hahn BH, Kalunian KC. Heparin therapy for pregnant women with lupus anticoagulant or anticardiolipin antibodies. Obstet Gynecol 1990; 75: 630–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rai R, Cohen H, Dave M, Regan L. Randomized controlled trial of aspirin and aspirin plus heparin in pregnant women with recurrent miscarriage associated with phospholipid antibodies (or antiphospholipid anti-bodies) Br J Med 1997; 314: 253–7.
   Google Scholar
• Kutteh WH. Antiphosholipid antibody-associated recur-rent pregnancy loss: treatment with heparin and low-dose aspirin is superior to treatment with aspirin alone. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 174: 1584–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson-Piercy C. Prevention of thromboembolism in pregnancy. Scand J Rheumatol 1998; 107: 92–6.
   Google Scholar
• Harris EN, Pierangeli SS. Utilization of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy to treat recurrent pregnancy loss in the antiphospholipid syndrome: a review. Scand J Rheumatol 1998; 27 (suppl) 107: 97–102.
   Google Scholar