An exploration of outcome criteria in nocturnal enuresis treatment
The way forward

References

• Van Gool JD, Nieuwenhuis E, ten Doe schate IOM, Messer TP, de Jong TPVM. Subtypes in monosympto-matic nocturnal enuresis. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1999; 202: 8–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nijman R, Butler R, Van Gool J, Yeung CK, Barrer W, Hjalmas K. Conservative management of urinary incontinence in childhood. Incontinence. 2nd Interna-tional Consultation In Continence 2002: 513–51.
   Google Scholar
• Butler RJ. Establishment of working definitions in nocturnal enuresis. Arch Dis Child 1991; 66: 267–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djurhuus JC, Norgaard JP, Hjalmas K. What is an acceptable treatment outcome? [Review]. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1997; 183: 75–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Houts AC, Berman JS, Abramson H. Effectiveness of psychological and pharmacological treatments for nocturnal enuresis. J Consult Clin Psychol 1994; 62: 737–45.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan RTT Guidelines on minimum standards of practice in the treatment of enuresis. Bristol, UK: Enuresis Resource and Information Centre, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Hunt S. The concept of outcome. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1997; 183: 71–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Butler R, McGrigor V, Rogers J Bedwetting: treating the underlying problem. The three systems approach to management. London: Ferring, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Hjalmas K, Bengtsson B. Efficacy, safety, and dosing of desmopressin for nocturnal enuresis in Europe. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1993; Spec. No.: 19–24.
   Google Scholar
• Hjalmas K. SWEET, the Swedish Enuresis Trial. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1995; 173: 89–92.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hjalmas K, Hanson E, Hellstom AL, Kruse S, Sillen U. Long-term treatment with desmopressin in children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis: an open multicentre study. Swedish Enuresis Trial [SWEET] Group. Br J Urol 1998; 82: 704–9.
   Google Scholar
• van Gool JD, Bloom DA, Butler RJ, Djurhuus JC, Hjalmas K, De Jong TPVM, et al. Conservative management in children. In: Abrams P. Khoury S, Wein A, editors. Incontinence. 1999: 489–550.
   Google Scholar
• Eller DA, Homsy YL, Austin PF, Tanguay S, Cantor A. Spot urine osmolality, age and bladder capacity as predictors of response to desmopressin in nocturnal enuresis. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1997; 183: 41–5.
   Google Scholar
• Lottman H, Moutard ML. Treatment of nocturnal enuresis in France: an update. Final Programme Abstracts. 2nd Congress of the International Children's Continence Society, Denver, CO, 22–24 August, 1999: 30.
   Google Scholar
• Lackgren G, Lilja B, Neveus T, Stenberg A. Desmo-pressin in the treatment of severe nocturnal enuresis-a 7 year follow up study. Br J Urol 1998; 81: 17–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vande Walle J, Vets E, Renson C, De Paepe H, Vanhoecke E, Vandaele J, et al. A rationalized use of the alarm system in children. BJU Int 2001; 87 (Suppl 1): 70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen IN, Kristensen G. Alarm treatment: analysis of response and relapse. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1999; 202: 73–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jensen N, Kristensen G. Frequency of nightly wetting and the efficiency of alarm treatment of nocturnal enuresis. Scand J Urol Nephrol 2001; 35: 357–63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matthiesen TB, Rittig S, Djurhuus JC, Norgaard JP. A dose titration, and an open 6 week efficacy and safety study of desmopressin tablets in the management of nocturnal enuresis. J Urol 1994; 151: 460–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key DW, Bloom DA, Sanvordenker J. Low-dose DDAVP in nocturnal enuresis. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1992; 31: 299–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosar A, Akkus S, Savas S, Ozturk A, Serel TA, Kecelioglu M. Effect of ultrasound in the treatment of primary nocturnal enuresis. Scand J Urol Nephrol 2000; 34: 361–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banerjee S, Srivastav A, Palan BM. Hypnosis and self-hypnosis in the management of nocturnal enuresis: a comparative study with imipramine therapy. Am J Clin Hypn 1993; 36: 113–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neveus T, Lackgren G, Tuvemo T, Olsson U, Stenberg A. Desmopressin resistant enuresis: pathogenetic and therapeutic considerations. J Urol 1999; 162: 2136–40.
   Google Scholar
• Schulman SL, Stokes A, Salzman PM. The efficacy and safety of oral desmopressin in children with primary nocturnal enuresis. J Urol 2001; 166: 2427–31.
   Google Scholar
• Skoog SJ, Stokes A, Turner KL. Oral desmopressin: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of effectiveness in children with primary nocturnal enur-esis. J Urol 1997; 158: 1035–40.
   Google Scholar
• Uygur MC, Ozgu IH, Ozen H, Ozen S, Toldu C, Ergen A, et al. Long-term treatment of nocturnal enuresis with desmopressin intranasal spray. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1997; 36: 455–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunsballe JM, Hansen TK, Rittig S, Pedersen EB, Djurhuus JC. The efficacy of DDAVP is related to the circadian rhythm of urine output in patients with persisting nocturnal enuresis. Clin Endocrinol 1998; 49: 793–801.
   Google Scholar
• Yannakoyorgos K, Loannides E, Zahariou A, Anagnos-topoulos D, Kasselas V, Kalinderis A. Management of nocturnal enuresis in children with desmopressin and bladder physiotherapy. Pediatr Surg Int 1998; 13: 281–4.
   Google Scholar
• Pretlow RA. Treatment of nocturnal enuresis with an ultra sound bladder volume controlled alarm device. J Urol 1999; 162: 1224–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulman SL, Colish Y, von Zuben FC, Kodman-Jones C. Effectiveness of treatments for nocturnal enuresis in a heterogenous population. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2000; 39: 359–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradbury M. Combination therapy for nocturnal enuresis with desmopresin and an alarm device. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1997; 183: 61–3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bradbury MG, Meadow SR. Combined treatment with enuresis alarm and desmopressin for nocturnal enuresis. Acta Paediatr 1995; 84: 1014–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunsballe JM, Rittig S, Nborgaard JP, Pedersen EB, Djurhuus JC. Decreased vasopressin response in noc-turnal enuresis during thirst stimulation. International Children's Continence Society Monogr Ser 1996; 1: 69–71.
   Google Scholar
• Smellie JM, McGrigor VS, Meadow SR, Rose SJ, Douglas MF. Nocturnal enuresis: a placebo controlled trial of two antidepressant drugs. Arch Dis Child 1996; 75: 62–6.
   Google Scholar
• Fly Hansen A, Jorgensen TM. Treatment of nocturnal enuresis with the bell and pad system. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1995; 173: 101–2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaneko K, Fujinaga S, Ohtomo Y, Shimizu T, Yamashiro Y. Combined pharmacotherapy for noctur-nal enuresis. Pediatr Nephrol 2001; 16: 662–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Said JA, Wilson PH, Hensley VR. Primary versus secondary enuresis: differential response to urine-alarm treatment. Child Family Behav Ther 1991; 13: 1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Kahan E, Morel D, Amir J, Zelcer C. A controlled trial of desmopressin and behavioural therapy for nocturnal enuresis. Medicine (Baltimore) 1998; 77: 384–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler RJ. Monitoring influential factors in the achieve-ment of bladder control: a case study. Clin Psychol Psychother 1994; 1: 111–5.
   Google Scholar
• Gustafson R. Conditioning treatment of children's bedwetting: a follow-up and predictive study. Psychol Rep 1993; 72: 923–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moffatt MEK, Cheang M. Predicting treatment out-come with conditioning alarms. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1995; 173: 119–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boggs SR, Geffken GR, Johnson SB, Silverstein J. Behavioural treatment of nocturnal enuresis in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Psychol 1992; 17: 111–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler RJ, Redfern EJ, Holland P. Children's notions Scand J Urol Nephrol 38 about enuresis and the implications for treatment. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1994; 163: 39–47.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oredsson AF, Jorgensen TM. Changes in nocturnal bladder capacity during treatment with the bell and pad for monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis. J Urol 1998; 160: 166–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akbal C, Tekgul S, Atsu N, Eskicorabei S, Bakkaloglu M, Kendi S. The preliminary results of intermittent oral desmopressin therapy in enuretic patients. BJU Int 2001; 87 (Suppl 1): 72.
   Google Scholar
• Van Kampen M, Bogaret G, De Weerdt W, Feys H, De Raemaeker I, Baert L. Predictive factors of the efficacy of full spectrum therapy in the treatment of children and young adults with nocturnal enuresis. BJU Int 2001; 87 (Suppl 1): 13–77; 50.
   Google Scholar
• Hansen AF, Jorgensen TM. Alarm treatment: influence on functional bladder capacity. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1997; 183: 59–60.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watanabe H, Kawauchi A, Kitamori T, Azuma Y. Treatment systems for nocturnal enuresis according to an original classification system. Eur Urol 1994; 25: 43–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tahmaz L, Kibar Y, Yildirim I, Ceylan S, Dayanc M. Combination therapy of imipramine with oxybutynin in children with enuresis noctuma. Urol Int 2000; 65: 135–9.
   Google Scholar
• Hansen MN, Rittig S, Siggaard C, Kamperis K, Hvistendahl G, Schaumburg HL, et al. Intra-individual variability in nighttime urine production and functional bladder capacity estimated by home recordings in patients with nocturnal enuresis. J Urol 2001; 16: 2452–5.
   Google Scholar
• Hvistendahl G, Rawashdeh Y, Hansen MN, Kamperis K, Rittig S, Djurhuus JC. Bladder capacities are not affected by DDAVP treatment. BJU Int 2001; 87 (Suppl 1): 69.
   Google Scholar
• Bjorkstrom G, Hellstrom AL, Andersson S. Electro-acupuncture in the treatment of children with mono-symptomatic nocturnal enuresis. Scand J Urol Nephrol 2000; 34: 21–6.
   Google Scholar
• Schaumburg HL, Rittig S, Djurhuus JC. No relationship between family history of enuresis and response to desmopressin. J Urol 2001; 166: 2435–7.
   Google Scholar
• Schaumburg HL, Rittig S, Djurhuus JC. Failure of family history to predict response to desmopressin in nocturnal enuresis. Final Programme Abstracts. 2nd Congress of the International Children's Continence Society, Denver, CO, 22–24 August, 1999: 75.
   Google Scholar
• Kruse S, Hellstrom AL, Hanson E, Hjalmas K, Sillen U The Swedish Enuresis Trial [SWEET] Group. Treat-ment of primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis with desmopressin: predictive factors. BJU Int 2001; 88: 572–6.
   Google Scholar
• Leebeek-Groenewegen A, Blom J, Sukhai R, Van Der Heijden B. Efficacy of desmopressin combined with alarm therapy for monosymptomatic nocturnal enur-esis. J Urol 2001; 166: 2456–8.
   Google Scholar
• Hjalmas K. The Swedish Enuresis Trial [SWEET]: longterm use of desmopressin in primary monosympto-matic nocturnal enuresis. Preliminary result. Interna-tional Children's Continence Society Monogr Ser 1996; 1: 83–86.
   Google Scholar
• Heijden AJ, Sukhai RN, Leebeek-Groe-newe-gen AAM. Efficacy of combined desmopressin and alarm [DA] therapy on enuretic children. A double blind placebo controlled study. Final Programme Abstracts. 2nd Congress of the International Children's Con-tinence Society, Denver, CO, 22–24 August, 1999: 50.
   Google Scholar
• Kamperis K, Rittig S, Siggaard C, Hansen M, Rawashdeh Y, Hvistendahl G, et al. Enuretics with normal bladder capacity. Differences between respon-ders and non-responders. BJU Int 2001; 87 (Suppl 1): 51.
   Google Scholar
• Rittig S, Schaumburg H, Schmidt F, Hunsballe JM, Hansen AF, Kirk J. Long term home studies of water balance in patients with nocturnal enuresis. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1997; 183: 25–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yeung CK. Nocturnal enuresis in Hong Kong: different Chinese phenotypes. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1997; 183: 17–21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schulman S, Stokes A, Salzman PM. The efficacy and safety of oral desmopressin acetate in children with primary nocturnal enuresis. Final Programme Ab-stracts. 2nd Congress of the International Children's Continence Society, Denver, CO, 22–24 August, 1999: 51.
   Google Scholar
• Yeung CK, Chiu HN, Sit FK. Bladder dysfunction in children with refractory monosymptomatic primary nocturnal enuresis. J Urol 1999; 162: 1049–54.
   Google Scholar
• Vertucci P. Lanzi C, Capece G, Fano M, Gallai V, Margari L, et al. Desmopressin and imipramine in the management of nocturnal enuresis: a multicentre study. Br J Clin Pract 1997; 51: 27–31.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Terho P. Desmopressin in nocturnal enuresis. J Urol 1991; 145: 818–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jankregt RA, Zweers HIM, Namdar Z. Evaluation of oral desmopressin in the management of primary nocturnal enuresis in adolescents and adults: a multi-centre, randomised trial. International Children's Con-tinence Society Monogr Ser 1996; 1: 87–90.
   Google Scholar
• Honjo H, Kawauchi A, Naya Y, Ukimura O, Kojima M, Miki T, et al. Treatment of nocturnal enuresis by acupuncture. Final Programme Abstracts. 2nd Congress of the International Children's Continence Society, Denver, CO, 22–24 August, 1999: 58.
   Google Scholar
• Rushton HG, Belman AB, Zaontz MR, Skoog SJ, Sihelnik S. The influence of small functional bladder capacity and other predictors on the response to desmopressin in the management of monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis. J Urol 1996; 156: 651–5.
   Google Scholar
• Leboeuf C, Brown P, Herman A, Leembruggen K, Walton D, Crisp TC. Chiropractic care of children with nocturnal enuresis: a prospective outcome study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1991; 14: 110–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tullus K, Bergstrom R, Fosdal I, Winnergard I, Hjalmas K. Efficacy and safety during long-term treatment of primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis with desmopressin. Swedish Enuresis Trial Group. Acta Paediatr 1999; 88: 1274–8.
   Google Scholar
• van Gool JD, Nieuwenhuis E, ten Doeschate 10, Messer TP, de Jong TP. Subtypes in monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis. II. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1999; 202: 8–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rushton HG, Belman AB, Skoog S, Zaontz MR, Sihelnik S. Predictors of response to desmopressin in children and adolescents with monosymptomatic noc-turnal enuresis. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1995; 173: 109–11.
   Google Scholar
• Medel R, Dieguez S, Herrera M, Arakelian G, Ayuso S, Canepa C, et al. 8AM values of plasmatic antidiuretic hormone [ADH] in monosymptomatic primary enuresis [MPE]. Final Programme Abstracts. 2nd Congress of the International Children's Continence Society, Den-ver, CO, 22–24 August, 1999: 77.
   Google Scholar
• Forsythe WI, Redmond A. Enuresis and spontaneous cure rate. Arch Dis Child 1974; 49: 259–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner W, Johnson SB, Walker D, Earther R, Wittner J. A controlled comparison of two treatments for nocturnal enuresis. J Pediatr 1982; 101: 302–7.
   Google Scholar
• Norgaad JP, van Gool JD, Hjalmas K, Djurhuus JC, Hellstrom AL. Standardisation and definitions in lower urinary tract dysfunction in children. Br J Urol 1998; 81 (Suppl 3): 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Butler RJ Nocturnal enuresis: psychological perspec-tives. Bristol, UK: Wright/I0P Publishing Limited, 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Wikstrom S, Tapper J. Are repeated desmopressin treatment attempts successful? Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1997; 183: 33–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robson LM. Enuresis treatment in the US. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1999; 202: 56–60.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Doleys DM, Ciminero AR, Tollison JW, Williams CL, Wells KC. Dry bed training and retention control training: a comparison. Behav Ther 1977; 8: 541–8.
   Google Scholar
• Moffatt MEK, Harlos S, Kirshen AJ, Burd L. Desmo-pressin acetate and nocturnal enuresis: how much do we know? Pediatrics 1993; 92: 420–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler RJ, Holland P, Robinson J. Examination of the structured withdrawal program to prevent relapse of nocturnal enuresis. J Urol 2001; 166: 2463–6.
   Google Scholar
• Neveus T. Oxybutynin, desmopressin and enuresis. J Urol 2001; 166: 2459–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamano S, Yamanishi T, Igarashi T, Ito H, Murakami S. Functional bladder capacity as predictor of response to desmopressin and retention control training in monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis. Eur Urol 2000; 37: 718–22.
   Google Scholar
• Longstaffe S, Moffatt ME, Whalen JC. Behavioural and self-concept changes after six months of enuresis treatment: a randomised, controlled trial. Pediatrics 2000; 105: 935–40.
   Google Scholar
• Butler RJ, Holland P, Redfern E. An examination of the structured withdrawal programme to prevent relapse with removal of medication. Final Programme Ab-stracts. 2nd Congress of the International Children's Continence Society, Denver, CO, 22–24 August, 1999: 54.
   Google Scholar
• Neveus T, Stenberg A, Lackgren G, Tuvemo T, Hetta J. Sleep of children with enuresis: a polysomnographic study. Pediatrics 1999; 103: 1193–7.
   Google Scholar
• Wood CM, Butler RJ, Penney MD, Holland PC. Pulsatile release of arginine vasopressin (AVP) and its effect on response to desmopressin in enuresis. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1994; 163: 93–101.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Devitt H, Holland P, Butler RJ, Redfern E, Hiley E, Roberts G. Plasma vasopressin and response to treatment in primary nocturnal enuresis. Arch Dis Child 1999; 80: 448–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medel R, Dieguez S, Brindo M, Ayuso S, Canepa C, Ruarte A. Monosymptomatic primary enuresis: differ-ences between patients responding or not responding to oral desmopressin. Br J Urol 1998; 81: 46–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hogg R.I. Genetic factors as predictors for desmopressin treatment success. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1997; 183: 37–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stenberg A, Lackgren G. Desmopressin tablet treatment in nocturnal enuresis. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1995; 173: 95–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vertucci P. Lanzi C, Capece G, Fano M, Gallai V, Margari L, et al. Desmopressin and imipramine in the management of nocturnal enuresis: a multicentre study. Br J Clin Pract 1997; 51: 27–31.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Caione P. Giorgi PL, Passerini-Glazel G, Chiozza ML, Artibani W, Del Gado R, et al. Desmopressin [DDAVP] and oxybutynin in nocturnal enuresis: results of a multicentre trial. International Children's Continence Society Monogr Ser 1996; 1: 77–81.
   Google Scholar
• Caione P. Arena F, Biraghi M, Cigna RM, Chendi RM, Chiozza ML. Nocturnal enuresis and daytime wetting: a multicentre trial with oxybutynin and desmopressin. Eur Urol 1997; 31: 459–63.
   Google Scholar
• Hogg RJ, Husmann D. The role of family history in predicting response to desmopressin in nocturnal enuresis. J Urol 1993; 150: 444–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vijverberg MAW, Elzinga-Plomp, Messer AP, van Gool JD, de Jong TPVM. Bladder rehabilitation, the effect of a cognitive training programme on urge incontinence. Eur Urol 1997; 31: 68–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternberg A, Lackgren G. Desmopressin tablets in the treatment of severe nocturnal enuresis in adolescents. Pediatrics 1994; 94: 841–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosar A, Arikan N, Dincel C. Effectiveness of oxybutyninhydrochloride in the treatment of enuresis nocturna. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1999; 33: 115–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eggert P. Chavez-Kattau K, Muller D. Age and weight related dosage of DDAVP in the treatment of primary nocturnal enuresis. BJU Int 2001; 87 (Suppl 1): 51.
   Google Scholar
• Riccabona M, Oswald J, Glauninger P. Long term use and tapered dose reduction of intranasal desmopressin in the treatment of 155 enuretic children. Br J Urol 1998; 81 (Suppl 3): 24–5.
   Google Scholar
• Evans JH, Meadow SR. Desmopressin for bed wetting: length of treatment, vasopressin secretion, and re-sponse. Arch Dis Child 1992; 67: 184–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serel TA, Perk H, Koyuncuoglu HR, Kosar A, Celik K, Deniz N. Acupuncture therapy in the management of persistent primary nocturnal enuresis. Scand J Urol Nephrol 2002; 35: 40–3.
   Google Scholar
• Butler RJ, Holland P, Devitt H, Hiley E, Roberts G, Redfern E. The effectiveness of desmopressin in the treatment of childhood nocturnal enuresis: predicting response using pre-treatment variables. Br J Urol 1998; 81 (Suppl 3): 29–36.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dittman RW, Wolter S. Primary nocturnal enuresis and desmopressin treatment: do psychosocial factors affect outcome? Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996; 5: 101–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Londen A, van Londen-Barentsen MWM, van Son MJ, Mulder GA. Arousal training for children suffering from nocturnal enuresis: a 21/2-year follow-up. Behav Res Ther 1993; 31: 613–5.
   Google Scholar
• Chiozza ML, Plebani M, Scaccianoce C, Biraghi M, Zacchello G. Evaluation of antidiuretic hormone before and after long term treatment with desmopressin in a group of enuretic children. Br J Urol 1998; 81 (Suppl 3): 53–5.
   Google Scholar
• Monda JM, Husmann A. Primary nocturnal enuresis: a comparison among observation, imipramine, desmo-pressin acetate and bed-wetting alarm systems. J Urol 1995; 154: 745–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandersteen DR, Husmann DA. Treatment of primary nocturnal enuresis persisting into adulthood. J Urol 1999; 161: 90–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• tester A, Marchesi A, Cohen A, tester M, Bagnasco F, BoneIli R. Functional enuresis: pharmacological versus behavioural treatment. Childs Nerv Syst 1991; 7: 106–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madersbacher H, Knoll M, Kliss G. Plasma AVP levels in children with nocturnal enuresis: predictive value and outcome 5 years later. International Children's Continence Society Monogr Ser 1996; 1: 73–5.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Waili NS. Carbamazepine to treat primary nocturnal enuresis: double-blind study. Eur J Med Res 2000; 5: 40–1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Snajderova M, Lehotska V. Kemova T, Kocnarova N, Archmanavoa E, Janda P. et al. Desmopressin in a long- term treatment of children with primary nocturnal enuresis—a symptomatic therapy? Eur J Paediatr 2001; 160: 197–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruse S, Hellstrom A-L, Hjalmas K. Daytime bladder dysfunction in therapy resistant nocturnal enuresis. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1999; 33: 49–52.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muller D, Florkowski H, Chavez-Kattau K, Carlsson G, Eggert P. The effect of desmopressin on short term memory in children with primary nocturnal enuresis. J Urol 2001; 166: 2432–4.
   Google Scholar
• Cendron M, Klauber G. Combination therapy in the treatment of persistent nocturnal enuresis. Br J Urol 1998; 81 (Suppl 3): 26–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Houts AC. Behavioural treatment for enuresis. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1995; 173: 83–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar