Growth hormone treatment in hemodialysis patients
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

References

• Bergstrom J. Nutrition and mortality in hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995; 6: 1329–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitch WE, Medina R, Grieber S, May RC, England BK, Price SR, et al. Metabolic acidosis stimulates muscle protein degradation by activating the adenosine triphos-phate-dependent pathway involving ubiquitin and proteosomes. J Clin Invest 1994; 93: 2127–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutierrez A, Alvestrand A, Wahren J, Bergstrom J. Effect of in vivo contact between blood and dialysis membranes on protein catabolism in humans. Kidney Int 1990; 38: 487–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feld S, Hirschberg R. Growth hormone, the IGF system and the kidney. Endocrine Rev 1996; 17: 423–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veldhuis JD, Iranmanesh A, Witkowski MJ, Samojlik E. Neuroendocrine alterations in the somatotropic and lactotropic axes in uremic men. Eur J Endocrinol 1994; 131: 489–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindgren BF, Odar-CederlOf I, Ericsson F, Brismar K. Decreased bioavailability of insulin-like growth factor-I, a cause of catabolism in hemodialysis patients. Growth Regul 1996; 6: 137–43.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brismar K, Hilding A, Lindgren B. Regulation of IGFBP-1 in humans. Prog Growth Factor Res 1995; 6: 449–56.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Divino Filho JC, Hazel SJ, Furst P, Bergstrom J, Hall K. Glutamate concentration in plasma, erythrocyte and muscle in relation to plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF binding protein-1 and insulin in patients on haemodialysis. J Endocrinol 1998; 156: 519–27.
   Google Scholar
• Frystyk J, Vestbo E, Skjaerbaek C, Mogensen CE, Orskov H. Free insulin-like growth factors in human obesity. Metabolism 1995; 44 (Suppl 4): 37–44.
   Google Scholar
• Lindgren BF, Friis K, Ericsson F. IGF-I correlates with protein intake estimated from the normalised protein catabolic rate in hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 2000; 20: 255–62.
   Google Scholar
• Jacob V, Le Carpentier JE, Salzano S, Naylor V, Wild G, Brown CB, et al. IGF-I, a marker of undemutrition in hemodialysis patients. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 52: 39–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bang P, Eriksson U, Sara V, Wivall IL, Hall K. Comparison of acid ethanol extraction and acid gel filtration prior to IGF-I and IGF-II radio immuno assays: improvement of determinations in acid ethanol extracts by the use of truncated IGF-I as radioligand. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1991; 124: 620–9.
   Google Scholar
• Hilding A, Brismar K, Degerblad M, Thoren M, Hall K. Altered relation between circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 and insulin in growth hormone-deficient patients and insulin-dependent diabetic patients compared to that in healthy subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 2646–52.
   Google Scholar
• Povoa G, Enberg G, Jörnvall H, Hall K. Isolation and characterization of a somatomedin-binding protein from mid-term human amniotic fluid. Eur J Biochem 1984; 144: 199–204.
   Google Scholar
• Daugirdas JT. Second generation logarithmic estimates of single-pool variable volume Kt/V: an analysis of error. J Am Soc Nephrol 1993; 4: 1205–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Depner TA, Daugirdas JT. Equations for normalised protein catabolic rate based on two-point modeling of hemodialysis urea kinetics. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996; 7: 780–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Depner TA. Prescribing hemodialysis. A guide to urea modelling 3rd ed. Boston, MA: Kluwer, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Mitch WE, Collier VU, Walser M. Creatinine metab-olism in chronic renal failure. Clin Sci 1980; 58: 327–35.
   Google Scholar
• Hansson LO, Hedlund JV, Ortqvist AB. Sequential changes of inflammatory and nutritional markers in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1997; 57: 111–8.
   Google Scholar
• Carlmark B, Kromhout D, Reizenstein P. Total body potassium measurements in 230 patients. A study of potassium depletion. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1975; 35: 617–23.
   Google Scholar
• Chumlea WC, Guo SS, Vellas B. Assessment of protein-calorie nutrition. In: Kopple JD, Mossney SG, eds. Nutritional management of renal disease. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1997: 203–28.
   Google Scholar
• Jensen PB, Hansen TB, Frystyk J, Ladefoged SD, Pedersen FB, Christiansen JS. Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins in adult hemodialysis patients treated with recombinant human growth hormone. Clin Nephrol 1999; 52: 103–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iglesias P. Diez JJ, Fernandez-Reyes MJ, Aguilera A, Burgues S, Martinez-Ara J, et al. Recombinant human growth hormone therapy in malnourished dialysis patients: a randomized controlled study. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 32: 454–63.
   Google Scholar
• Takala J, Ruokonen E, Webster NR, Nielsen MS, Zandstra DF, Vunderlinckx G, et al. Increased mortality associated with growth hormone treatment in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 785–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degerblad M, Elindy N, Hall K, Sjoberg HE, Thoren M. Potent effect of rhGh on bone mineral density and body composition in adults with panhypopituitarism. Ann Endocrinol 1992; 126: 387–93.
   Google Scholar
• Powell DR, Liu F, Baker B, Lee PD, Belsha CW, Brewer ED, et al. Characterization of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in chronic renal failure serum. Pediatric Res 1993; 33: 136–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angelin B, Rudling M. Growth hormone and hepatic lipoprotein metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 1994; 5: 160–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stenvinkel P. Lönnqvist F, Schalling M. Molecular studies of leptin: implications for renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transpl 1999; 14: 1103–12.
   Google Scholar
• Fouque D, Juillard L, Lasne Y, Tabakian A, Laville M, Joly MO, et al. Acute leptin regulation in end-stage renal failure: the role of growth hormone and IGF-1. Kidney Int 1998; 54: 932–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen YJH, Frölich M, Deurenberg P. Roelfsema F. Serum leptin levels during recombinant human GH therapy in adults with GH deficiency. Eur J Endocrinol 2000; 137: 650–4.
   Google Scholar
• Lowry EG. Acute-phase inflammatory process contri-butes to malnutrition, anemia and possibly other abnor-malities in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 32: S105–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Qureshi AR, Alvestrand A, Danielsson A, Divino-Filho JC, Gutierrez A, Lindholm B, et al. Factors predicting malnutrition in hemodialysis patients: a cross-sectional study. Kidney Int 1998; 53: 773–82.
   Google Scholar
• Stenvinkel P. Heimburger 0, Paultre F, Diczfalusy U, Wang T, Berglund L, et al. Strong association between malnutrition, inflammation, and atherosclerosis in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 1999; 55: 1899–911.
   Google Scholar
• Owen WF, Lowrie EG. C-reactive protein as an outcome predictor for maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 1998; 54: 627–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norrelund H, Fisker S, Vahl N, Borglum J, Richelsen B, Christiansen JS, et al. Evidence supporting a direct suppressive effect of growth hormone on serum IGFBP-1 levels. Experimental studies in normal, obese and GH deficient adults. Growth Horm IGF Res 1999; 9: 52–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garibotto G, Barreca A, Russo R, Sofia A, Araghi P. Cesarone A, et al. Effects of recombinant human growth hormone on muscle protein turnover in malnourished hemodialysis patients. J Clin Invest 1997; 99: 97–105.
   Google Scholar
• Ikizler TA, Wingard RL, Breyer JA, Schulman G, Parker RA, Hakim RM. Short-term effects of recombinant human growth hormone in CAPD patients. Kidney Int 1994; 46: 1178–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johannesson G, Bengtsson BA, Ahlmen J. Double blind, placebo controlled study of growth hormone treatment in elderly patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis: ana-bolic effect and functional improvement. Am J Kidney Dis 1999; 33: 709–17.
   Google Scholar
• Shinobe M, Sanaka T, Nihei H, Sugino N. IGF-I/IGFBP-1 as an index for discrimination between responder and nonresponder to recombinant human growth hormone in malnourished uremic patients on hemodialysis. Nephron 1997; 77: 29–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar