Low-dose atorvastatin in severe chronic kidney disease patients: A randomized, controlled endpoint study

References

• K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 39(2 Suppl2)S1–246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schön S, Ekberg H, Wikstrom B, Oden A, Ahlmen J. Renal replacement therapy in Sweden. Scand J Urol Nephrol 2004; 38(4)332–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parfrey PS, Foley RN, Harnett JD, Kent GM, Murray D, Barre PE. Outcome and risk factors of ischemic heart disease in chronic uremia. Kidney Int 1996; 49: 1428–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parfrey PS, Foley RN. Cardiac disease in dialysis patients. Dialysis and transplantation, WF Owen, BJG Pereira, MH Sayegh. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA 2000; 221–37
   Google Scholar
• Raine AE, Margreiter R, Brunner FP, Ehrich JH, Geerlings W, Landais P, et al. Report on management of renal failure in Europe, XXII, 1991. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992; 7(Suppl 2)7–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EDTA-ERA. Combined report on regular dialysis and transplantation in Europe, 1988. London: Springer; 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Yukawa S, Mune M, Yamada Y, Otani H, Kishino M, Tone Y. Ongoing clinical trials of lipid reduction therapy in patients with renal disease. Kidney Int Suppl 1999; 71: S141–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eknoyan G, Levin A, Levin N. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation of dyslipidaemia. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 41(4 Suppl 3)S1–80
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Verschuren WM, Jacobs DR, Bloemberg BP, Kromhout D, Menotti A, Aravanis C, et al. Serum total cholesterol and long-term coronary heart disease mortality in different cultures. Twenty-five-year follow-up of the seven countries study. JAMA 1995; 274: 131–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stegmayr B, Asplund K, Kuulasmaa K, Rajakangas AM. Thorvaldsen P, Tuomilehto J. Stroke incidence and mortality correlated to stroke risk factors in the WHO MONICA Project. An ecological study of 18 populations. Stroke 1997; 28: 1367–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tunstall-Pedoe H, Kuulasmaa K, Mahonen M, Tolonen H, Ruokokoski E, Amouyel P. Contribution of trends in survival and coronary-event rates to changes in coronary heart disease mortality: 10-year results from 37 WHO MONICA project populations. Monitoring trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease. Lancet 1999; 353: 1547–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 360: 7–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) [see comments] Lancet 1994;344:1383–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Ezekowitz MD, Ganz P, Oliver MF, Waters D, et al. Effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes: the MIRACL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001; 285: 1711–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd J, Blauw GJ, Murphy MB, Bollen EL, Buckley BM, Cobbe SM, et al. Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 360: 1623–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sever PS, Dahlof B, Poulter NR, Wedel H, Beevers G, Caulfield M, et al. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial–Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361: 1149–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results. I. Reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease. JAMA 1984; 251: 351–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frick MH, Elo O, Haapa K, Heinonen OP, Heinsalmi P, Helo P, et al. Helsinki Heart Study: primary-prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia. Safety of treatment, changes in risk factors, and incidence of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 1237–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine GN, Keaney JF, Jr, Vita JA. Cholesterol reduction in cardiovascular disease. Clinical benefits and possible mechanisms. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 512–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group [see comments]. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1301–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, Rouleau JL, Rutherford JD, Cole TG, et al. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators [see comments]. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1001–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice. Recommendations of the Second Joint Task Force of European and other Societies on coronary prevention. Eur Heart J 1998; 19: 1434–503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001; 285: 2486–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fried L, Hutchison A, Stegmayr B, Prichard S, Bargman JM. Recommendations for the treatment of lipid disorders in patients on peritoneal dialysis. ISPD guidelines/recommendations. International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis. Perit Dial Int 1999; 19: 7–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atorvastatin: data on file. Ann Arbor, MI: Parke-Davis pharmacological research division, Warner-Lambert Company; 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Hufnagel G, Michel C, Vrtovsnik F, Queffeulou G, Kossari N, Mignon F. Effects of atorvastatin on dyslipidaemia in uraemic patients on peritoneal dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000; 15: 684–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972; 18: 499–502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for management of dyslipidemias in patients with kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2003;41(4 Suppl 3): I–IV, S1–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Läkemedelsverket. Treatment recommendation. Treatment with lipid-reducing medicines for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. UppsalaSweden: Läkemedelsverket; 2003 (in Swedish).
   Google Scholar
• Holdaas H, Fellstrom B, Jardine AG, Holme I, Nyberg G, Fauchald P, et al. Effect of fluvastatin on cardiac outcomes in renal transplant recipients: a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361: 2024–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lins RL, Matthys KE, Verpooten GA, Peeters PC, Dratwa M, Stolear JC, et al. Pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin and its metabolites after single and multiple dosing in hypercholesterolaemic haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003; 18: 967–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pecoits-Filho R, Lindholm B, Stenvinkel P. The malnutrition, inflammation, and atherosclerosis (MIA) syndrome—the heart of the matter. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 17(Suppl 11)28–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanholder R, Argiles A, Baurmeister U, Brunet P, Clark W, Cohen G, et al. Uremic toxicity: present state of the art. Int J Artif Organs 2001; 24: 695–725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• London GM, Guerin AP, Marchais SJ, Metivier F, Pannier B, Adda H. Arterial media calcification in end-stage renal disease: impact on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003; 18: 1731–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wanner C, Krane V, Marz W, Olschewski M, Asmus HG, Kramer W, et al. Randomized controlled trial on the efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes on hemodialysis (4D study): demographic and baseline characteristics. Kidney Blood Press Res 2004; 27: 259–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wanner C. Results of a randomized controlled trial with atorvastatin in dialyzed diabetic patients (4D Trial). Program of the American Society of Nephrology Renal Week, 27 October–1 November, 2004, St Louis, MO. p. 138.
   Google Scholar