References
- Thompson JR, Henrich WL. Radiocontrast agent induced acute renal failure. The principles and practice of nephrology2nd ed, HR Jacobson, GE Striker, S Klahr. Mosby Year Book Inc, St Louis, MO 1995; 791–2
- Cohan RH, Dunnick NR. Intravascular contrast media: adverse reactions. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1987; 149: 665–70
- Shusterman N, Strom BL, Murray TG, Morrison G, West SL, Maislin G. Risk factors and outcome of hospital-acquired acute renal failure. Clinical epidemiologic study. Am J Med 1987; 83: 65–71
- Weisberg LS, Kurnik PB, Kurnik BRC. Radiocontrast induced nephropathy in humans: role of renal vasoconstriction. Kidney Int 1992; 41: 1408–15
- Porte G. Contrast associated nephropathy: presentation, pathophysiology and management. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1994; 20: 232–43
- Bakris GL, Lass N, Gaber AO, Jones JD, Burnett JC. Radiocontrast medium induced declines in renal function: a role for oxygen free radicals. Am J Physiol 1990; 258: F115–20
- Yoshioka T, Fogo A, Beckman JK. Reduced activity of antioxidant enzymes underlies contrast media induced renal injury in volume depletion. Kidney Int 1992; 41: 1008–15
- Morcos SK, Thomsen HS, Web JA, and members of Contrast Media Safety Committee of European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR). Contrast medium induced nephrotoxicity: a consensus report. Eur Radiol 1999;9:1602–13.
- Murphy SW, Barrett BJ, Parfrey PS. Contrast nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000; 11: 177–82
- Shammas NW, Kapalis MJ, Harris M, McKinney D, Coyne EP. Aminophylline does not protect against radiocontrast nephropathy in patients undergoing angiographic procedures. J Invest Cardiol 2001; 13: 738–40
- Neumayer HH, Junge E, Kufner A, Wenning A. Prevention of radiocontrast media induced nephrotoxicity by the calcium channel blocker nitrendipine: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1989; 4: 1030–6
- Erley CM, Duda SH, Rehfuss D, Scholtes B, Bock J, Muller C, Osswald H, Risler T. Prevention of radiocontrast-media-induced nephropathy in patients with pre-existing renal insufficiency by hydration in combination with the adenosine antagonist theophylline. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14: 1146–9
- Kurnik BR, Allgren RL, Genter FC, Solomon RJ, Bates ER, Weisberg LS. Prospective study of atrial natriuretic peptide for the prevention of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 31: 674–80
- Solomon R, Werner C, Mann D, D'Elia J, Silva P. Effects of saline, mannitol, and furosemide on acute decreases in renal function induced by radiocontrast agents. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 1416–20
- Kock JA, Plum J, Graensee B, Modder U. Prostaglandin E1: a new agent for the prevention of renal dysfunction in high-risk patients caused by radiocontrast media? PGE1 study group. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000; 15: 43–9
- Wang A, Holcslaw T, Bashore TM, Freed MI, Miller D, Rudnich MR, et al. Exacerbation of radiocontrast nephrotoxicity by endothelin receptor antagonism. Kidney Int 2000; 57: 1675–80
- Tepel M, Giet M, Schwarzfeld C, Laufer U, Liermann D, Zidek W. Prevention of radiographic contrast agent induced reductions in renal function by N-acetylcysteine. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 180–4
- Diaz-Sandoval LJ, Kosowsy BD, Losordo DW. Acetylcysteine to prevent angiography related renal tissue injury (The APART Trial). Am J Cardiol 2002; 89: 356–8
- Shyu KG, Cheng JJ, Kuan P. Acetylcysteine protects against acute renal damage in patients with abnormal renal function undergoing a coronary procedure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 1383–8
- Briguori C, Manganelli F, Scarpato P, Elia PP, Golia B, Riviezzo G, et al. Acetylcysteine and contrast agent-associated nephrotoxicity. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 298–303
- Kay J, Chow WH, Chan TM, Lo SK, Kwok OH, Yip A, et al. Acetylcysteine for prevention of acute deterioration of renal function following elective coronary angiography and intervention: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003; 289: 553–8
- Baker CS, Wragg A, Kumar S, De Palma R, Baker LR, Knight CJ. A rapid protocol for the prevention of contrast-induced renal dysfunction: the RAPPID study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 2114–8
- Tadros GM, Mouhayar EN, Akinwande AO, Campbell B, Wood C, Blankenship JA. Prevention of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy with N-acetylcysteine in patients undergoing coronary angiography. J Invasive Cardiol 2003; 15: 311–4
- Vallero A, Cesano G, Pozzato M, Garbo R, Minelli M, Quarello F, et al. Contrast nephropathy in cardiac procedures: no advantages with prophylactic use of N-acetylcysteine (NAC). G Ital Nefrol 2002; 19: 529–33
- Allaqaband S, Tumuluri R, Malik AM, Gupta A, Volkert P, Shalev Y, et al. Prospective randomized study of N-acetylcysteine, fenoldopam, and saline for prevention of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2002; 57: 279–83
- Durham JD, Caputo C, Dokko J, Zaharakis T, Pahlavan M, Keltz J, et al. A randomized controlled trial of N-acetylcysteine to prevent contrast nephropathy in cardiac angiography. Kidney Int 2002; 62: 2202–7
- Boccalandro F, Amhad M, Smalling RW, Sdringola S. Oral acetylcysteine does not protect renal function from moderate to high doses of intravenous radiographic contrast. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2003; 58: 336–41
- Draper HH, Hadley M. Malondialdehyde determination as an index of lipid peroxidation. Methods Enzymol 1990; 186: 421–31
- Kelly GS. Clinical applications of N-acetylcysteine. Altern Med Rev 1998; 3: 114–27
- Mazzon E, Britti D, De Sarro A, Caputi AP, Cuzzocrea S. Effect of N-acetylcysteine on gentamicin mediated nephropathy in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2001; 13: 75–83
- Tariq M, Morais C, Sobki S, Sulaiman MA, Khader AA. N-acetylcysteine attenuates cyclosporine induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14: 923–9
- Shaikh ZA, Zaman K, Tang W, Vu T. Treatment of cadmium nephrotoxicity by N-acetylcysteine. Toxicol Lett 1999; 104: 137–42
- Holt S, Goodier D, Marley R, Patch D, Burroughs A, Fernando B, et al. Improvement in renal function in hepatorenal syndrome with N-acetylcysteine. Lancet 1999; 353: 294–5
- Lieberthal W, Nigam SK. Acute renal failure. II. Experimental models of acute renal failure: imperfect but indispensable. Am J Physiol 2000; 278: F1–12
- Vari RC, Natarajan LA, Whitescarver SA, Jackson BA, Ott CE. Induction, prevention and mechanisms of contrast medium induced acute renal failure. Kidney Int 1988; 33: 699–707
- Cantley LG, Spokes K, Clark B, McMahon EG, Carter J, Epstein FH. Role of endothelin and prostaglandins in radiocontrast induced renal artery constriction. Kidney Int 1993; 44: 1217–23
- Rudnick MR, Berns JS, Cohen RM, Goldfarb S. Nephrotoxic risks of renal angiography: contrast media associated nephrotoxicity and atheroembolism. A critical review. Am J Kidney Dis 1994; 24: 713–27
- El Sayed AA, Haylor JL, El Nahas Am, Solzano S Morcos SK Haemodynamic effects of water soluble contrast media on the isolated perfused rat kidney. Br J Radiol 1991;64:435–9.
- Haylor JL, El Sayed AA, El Nahas AM, Morcos SK. The effect of sodium iothalamate on the vascular resistance of the isolated perfused rat kidney. Br J Radiol 1991; 64: 50–4
- Baliga R, Ueda N, Walker PD, Shah SV. Oxidant mechanisms in toxic acute renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 1997; 29: 465–77
- Salom MG, Ramirez P, Carbonell LF, Conesa EL, Cartagena J, Quesada T, Porilla P, Fenoy FJ. Protective effect of N-acetylcysteine on the renal failure induced by inferior vena cava occlusion. Transplantation 1998; 65: 1315–21
- Conesa EP, Valero F, Nadal JC, Fenoy FJ, Pez BL, Arregui BA, et al. N-acetyl-L-cysteine improves renal medullary hypoperfusion in acute renal failure. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2001; 281: R730–7
- Andrews NP, Prasad A, Quyyumi AA. N-acetylcysteine improves coronary and peripheral vascular function. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 37: 117–23
- Lopez BL, Snyder JW, Birenbaum DS, Ma XI. N-acetylcysteine enhances endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in the isolated rat mesenteric artery. Ann Emerg Med 1998; 32: 405–10
- Emch TM, Haller NA. A randomized trial of prophylactic acetylcysteine and theophylline compared with placebo for the prevention of renal tubular vacuolization in rats after iohexol administration. Acad Radiol 2003; 10: 514–9