Hormone-refractory Prostate Cancer? Anti-androgen Withdrawal and Intermittent Hormone Therapy

REFERENCES

• Schulze H, Oesterling JE, Isaacs JT, Coffey DS. Hormonal therapy of prostate cancer: limitation in the total androgen ablation concept. In: Coffey DS, Resnick MI, Don FA, Karr JP, editors. A multidisciplinary analysis of controversies in the management of prostatic cancer. New York: Plenum Press, 1988: 215–24.
   Google Scholar
• Labrie F, Dupont A, Giguere M, Borsanyi JP, Lacour-siere Y, Monfette G, et al. Benefits of combination therapy with flutamide in patients relapsing after castration. Br J Urol 1988; 61: 341–6.
   Google Scholar
• Labrie F, Veilleux R. A wide range of sensitivities to androgens develops in cloned Shionogi mouse mam-mary carcinoma cells culture. Prostate 1986; 8: 293–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labrie F, Veilleux R, Fournier A. Low androgen levels induce the development of androgen-hypersensitive cell clones in Shionogi mouse mammary carcinoma cells culture. J Natl Cancer Inst 1988; 80: 1138–42.
   Google Scholar
• Miranda E, Miller JT, Ahmann FR. Analysis of survival characteristics and prognostic factors in 148 patients with hormone-resistant (stage D3) prostatic cancer. North America Conference on Cancer Hispanics 1991; 33A.
   Google Scholar
• Mohler JL, Gomella LG, Crawford ED, Glode LM, Zippe CD, Fair WR, et al. Phase II evaluation of coumarin (1,2-benzopyrone) in metastatic prostatic carcinoma. Prostate 1992; 20: 123–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scher HI, Kelly WK. The flutamide withdrawal syndrome: its impact on clinical trials in hormone-refractory prostatic cancer. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: 1566–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupont A, Gomez J, Cusan L, Koutsilieris M, Labrie F. Response to flutamide withdrawal in advanced prostate cancer in progression under combination therapy. J Urol 1993; 150: 908–13.
   Google Scholar
• Sartor O, Cooper M, Weinberger M, Headlee D, Tompkins A, Thibault A, et al. Surprising activity of flutamide withdrawal, when combined with aminoglu-tethimide in treatment of "hormone-refractory" prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86: 222–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scher HI, Steineck G, Kelly WK. Hormone-refractory (D3) prostate cancer: refining the concept. Urology 1995; 46: 142–8.
   Google Scholar
• De Vere White R, Meyers F, Chi SG, Chamberlain S, Siders D, Lee F, et al. Human androgen receptor expression in prostatic cancer following androgen ablation. Eur Urol 1997; 31: 1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visakorpi T, Hyytinen E, Koivisto P, Tanner M, Keinanen R, Pallmerg C, et al. In vivo amplification of the androgen receptor gene and progression of human prostate cancer. Nat Genet 1995; 9: 401–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taplin ME, Bubley GJ, Shuster TD, Frantz ME, Spooner AE, Ogata GK, et al. Mutation of the androgen receptor gene in metastatic androgen-independent prostate can-cer. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 1393–441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Steenbrugge GJ, Groen M, Van Dongen JVV, Bolt J, Van der Korput H, Trapman J, et al. The human prostatic carcinoma cell line LNCaP and its derivatives. An overview. Urol Res 1989; 17: 71–7.
   Google Scholar
• Veldscholte J, Ris-Stalpers C, Kuiper GG, Jenster G, Berrevoets C, Claasen E, et al. A mutation in the ligand binding domain of the androgen receptor of human LNCaP cells affects steroid binding characteristics and response to anti-androgens. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 14: 534–40.
   Google Scholar
• Ravenna L, Lubrano C, Di Silverio F, Vacca A, Felli MP, Maroder M, et al. Androgenic and anti-androgenic control on epidermal growth factor, epidermal growth factor receptor and androgen receptor expression in human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Prostate 1995; 26: 290–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf DA, Schultz P, Fittler F. Transcriptional regulation of prostate kallicrein-like genes by androgens. Mol Endocrinol 1992; 6: 753–62.
   Google Scholar
• Scher HI, Kolvenbag GJCM. The anti-androgen with-drawal syndrome in relapsed prostate cancer. Eur Urol 1997; 31(Suppl 2): 3–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herrada J, Hossan B, Amato R, Zukiwiski A, von Esembach A, Logothetis C. Characterization of patients with androgen independent prostate carcinoma whose serum prostate specific antigen decreased following flutamide withdrawal. J Urol 1996; 155: 620–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labrie F. Mechanism of action and pure androgenic properties of flutamide. Cancer 1993; Suppl 72: 3816.
   Google Scholar
• Small EJ, Carroll PR. Prostate-specific antigen decline after Casodex withdrawal: evidence for an anti-androgen withdrawal syndrome. Urology 1994; 43: 408–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieh PT. Withdrawal phenomenon with anti-androgen Casodex. J Urol 1995; 153: 1070–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akakura K, Bruchovsky N, Goldenberg SL, Rennie PS, Buckley AR, Sullivan LD. Effects of intermittent androgen suppression on androgen-dependent tumors: apoptosis and serum prostate specific antigen. Cancer 1993; 71: 2782–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleave M, Bruchovsky N, Bowden M, Goldenberg SL, Sullivan LD. Intermittent androgen suppression pro-longs time to androgen-independent progression in LNCaP prostate tumor model. J Urol 1994; 151: 574A.
   Google Scholar
• Bruchovsky N, Rennie PS, Goldman AJ, Goldenberg SL, To M, Lawson D. Effects of androgen withdrawal in the stem cell composition of the Shionogi carcinoma. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 2275–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleave ME, Santo N, Rennie PS, Goldenberg SL, Bruchovsky N, Sullivan LD. Hormone release and intermittent hormonal therapy in the LNCaP model of human prostate cancer. Prog Urol 1996; 6: 375–85.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sato N, Gleave ME, Bruchovsky N, Rennie PS, Goldenberg SL, Lange PH, et al. Intermittent androgen suppression delays progression to androgen independent regulation of prostate specific antigen gene in the LNCaP prostate tumor model. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1996; 58: 139–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vahlensieck W, Wegner G. Continuous versus inter- mittent oral therapy with estramustine phosphate (Estracyt). Scand J Urol Nephrol 1980; 55(Suppl): 147–9.
   Google Scholar
• Goldenberg AL, Bruchovsky N, Gleave ME, Sullivan LD, Akakura K. Intermittent androgen suppression in the treatment of prostate cancer: a preliminary report. Urology 1995; 45: 839–44.
   Google Scholar
• Tunn UVV. Intermittent endocrine therapy of prostate cancer. Eur Urol 1996; 30(Suppl 1): 22–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bruchovsky N, Klotz LH, Crook JM, Armitage GR, Gleave ME, Goldenberg SL. A phase II study of intermittent androgen suppression in men with a rising serum PSA after radiation for localized prostate cancer. J Urol 1998; 159: 1287A.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamey TA, Kabalin JN, McNeal JE. Prostate specific antigen in the diagnosis and treatment of adenocarcino-ma of the prostate. Radical prostatectomy treated patients. J Urol 1989; 141: 1076–84.
   Google Scholar
• McLeod DG, Crawford ED, DeAntoni EP. Combined androgen blockade: the gold standard for metastatic prostate cancer. Eur Urol 1997; 32(Suppl 3): 70–7.
   Google Scholar
• Di Silverio F, Sciarra F, D'Eramo G. Advanced prostatic cancer: clinical and hormonal response to flutamide in patients pretreated with LHRH analogue and cyproter-one acetate. Eur Urol 1990; 18: 10–5.
   Google Scholar