Scotland's coast: Understanding past and present processes for sustainable management

References

• Angus , S. 1994 . “ The conservation importance of the machair systems of the Scottish islands, with particular reference to the Outer Hebrides ” . In The islands of Scotland: a living marine heritage , Edited by: Usher , M.B. and Baxter , J. 95 – 120 . Edinburgh : Stationery Office .
   Google Scholar
• Angus , S. 2001 . The Outer Hebrides, Moor and Machair , Cambridge : White Horse Press .
   Google Scholar
• ASH Consulting Group . 1994 . Coastal erosion and tourism in Scotland: a review of protection measures to combat coastal erosion related to tourist activities and facilities , Scottish Natural Heritage Review Series No. 12 Perth : Scottish Natural Heritage .
   Google Scholar
• Bondevik , S. , Mangerud , J. , Dawson , S. , Dawson , A. and Lohne , O. 2003 . Record‐breaking height for 8000‐year‐old tsunami in the North Atlantic . EOS, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union , 84 (31) : 289 – 300 .
   Google Scholar
• Burbridge , P.R. 2001 . Lessons learned from local coastal management partnerships , Report to the Scottish Coastal Forum
   Google Scholar
• Carter , R.W.G. 1988 . Coastal Environments , London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Carter , R.W.G. 1992 . “ How the British coast works: inherited and acquired controls ” . In Conserving our landscape , Edited by: Stevens , C. , Gordon , J.E. , Green , C.P. and Macklin , M.G. 63 – 68 . Peterborough : English Nature .
   Google Scholar
• Comber , D.P.M. 1993 . Shoreline response to relative sea level change: Culbin Sands North‐east Scotland , University of Glasgow . Unpublished PhD thesis
   Google Scholar
• Comber , D.P.M. 1995 . Culbin Sands and the Bar . Scottish Geographical Magazine , 111 : 54 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comber , D.P.M. , Hansom , J.D. and Fahy , F.M. 1994 . Culbin Sands, Culbin Forest and Findhorn Bay SSSI: Documentation and Management Prescription , Perth : Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report Series No. 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Dargie , T.C.D. 2000 . Sand dune vegetation survey of Scotland: national report , Perth : Scottish Natural Heritage .
   Google Scholar
• Dawson , A.G. 1991 . The raised shorelines of northern Islay and western Jura . Scottish Geographical Magazine , 107 : 207 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson , A.G. , Long , A. , Smith , D.E. , Shi , S. and Forster , I.D.L. 1993 . “ Tsumains in the Norwegian and North Sea caused by the Storegga submarine landslides ” . In Tsunamis in the World , Edited by: Tinti , S. London : Kluwer .
   Google Scholar
• Dawson , A.G. , Smith , D.E. and Dawson , S. 2001 . “ Potential impacts of climate change on sea level around Scotland ” . In Scottish Natural Heritage, Research, Survey and Monitoring Report No. 178 Perth
   Google Scholar
• Duck , R.W. and Wewetzer , S.F.K. 2001 . Impact of frontal systems on estuarine sediment and pollutant dynamics . The Science of the Total Environment , 266 : 23 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duck , R.W. , Rowan , J.S. , Jenkins , P.A. and Youngs , I. 2001 . A multi‐method study of bedload provenance and transport pathways in an estuarine channel . Physics and Chemistry of the Earth , 26 (13) : 747 – 752 .
   Google Scholar
• Ferentinos , G. and McManus , J. 1981 . “ Nearshore processes and shoreline development in St Andrews Bay, Scotland, UK ” . In Holocene Marine Sedimentation in the North Sea Basin , Edited by: Nio , S.D. , Shittenhelm , R.T.E. and van Weering , T.C.E. 161 – 174 . International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publication 5 .
   Google Scholar
• Firth , C.R. and Smith , D.E. 1993 . “ Holocene sea level changes in Scotland ” . In The Quaternary of Shetland Field Guide , Edited by: Birnie , J. , Gordon , J.E. , Bennett , K. and Hall , A.M. Cambridge : Quaternary Research Association .
   Google Scholar
• Flinn , D. 1974 . “ The coastline of Scotland ” . In The natural environment of Scotland , Edited by: Goodier , R . 13 – 25 . Edinburgh : Nature Conservancy Council .
   Google Scholar
• Flinn , D. 1997 . The role of wave diffraction in the formation of St Ninian's Ayre (tombolo) in Shetland, Scotland . Journal of Coastal Research , 13 (1) : 202 – 208 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gemmell , S. 2000 . Sediment transfer from gravel bed rivers to beachesb , University of Glasgow . Unpublished PhD thesis
   Google Scholar
• Gemmell , S. , Hansom , J.D. and Hoey , T. 2001a . “ River‐coast sediment exchanges: the Spey Bay sediment budget and management implications ” . In Ecology and Geomorphology of Coastal Shingle , Edited by: Packham , J.R. , Randall , R.E. , Barnes , R.S.K. and Neal , A. 159 – 167 . Otley : Westbury Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gemmell , S. , Hansom , J.D. and Hoey , T.B. 2001b . Geomorphology, conservation and management of the River Spey and Spey Bay SSSIs, Moray , Perth : Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report Series .
   Google Scholar
• Gilbertson , DJD. , Schwenninger , J‐L. , Kemp , R.A. and Rhodes , E.J. 1999 . Sand‐drift and soil formation along an exposed North Atlantic coastline: 14,000 years of diverse geomorphological climatic and human impacts . Journal of Archaeological Science , 26 : 439 – 469 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , A J. 1992 . “ Saltmarsh plant ecology: zonation and succession revisited ” . In Saltmarshes: morphodynamics, conservation and engineering significance , Edited by: Allen , J.R.L. and Pye , K. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gubbay , S. 2001 . The role of Scottish local initiatives in implementing the principles of integrated coastal zone management , Edinburgh : Scottish Executive Central Research Unit .
   Google Scholar
• Gunther , H. , Rosenthal , W. , Stawartz , M. , Carretero , J.C. , Gomez , M. , Lozano , I. , Serrano , O. and Reistad , M. 1998 . The wave climate of the northeast Atlantic over the period 1955–1994: the WASA wave hindcast . The Global Atmosphere and Ocean System , 6 : 121 – 163 .
   Google Scholar
• Hansom , J.D. 1995 . Managing the Scottish Coast . Scottish Geographical Magazine , 112 (3) : 190 – 192 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansom , J.D. 1999 . “ The Coastal Geomorphology of Scotland: understanding sediment budgets for effective coastal management ” . In Scotland's Living Coastline , Edited by: Baxter , J. , Duncan , K. , Atkins , S. and Lees , G. 34 – 44 . Edinburgh : The Stationery Office .
   Google Scholar
• Hansom , J.D. 2001 . Coastal Sensitivity to Environmental Change: a view from the beach . Catena , 42 : 291 – 305 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansom , J.D. and Angus , S. 2001 . “ Tir a’ Mhachair (Land of the Machair): sediment supply and climate change scenarios for the future of the Outer Hebrides machair ” . In Earth Science and the Natural Heritage , Edited by: Gordon , J.E. and Lees , K.F. 68 – 81 . Edinburgh : The Stationery Office .
   Google Scholar
• Hansom , J.D. and Angus , S. in press . Machair Eilean nan Siar (Machair of the Western Isles) . Scottish Geographical Journal ,
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansom , J.D. and Evans , D.J.A.E. 1995 . The Old Man of Hoy . Scottish Geographical Magazine , 111 (3) : 172 – 174 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansom , J.D. and McGlashan , D.J. 2000 . Managing Lakeshore Erosion: impacts of bank protection on Loch Lomond, Scotland . Scottish Geographical Journal , 116 (3) : 213 – 229 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansom , J.D. , Lees , R.G. , Maslen , J. , Tilbrook , C. and McManus , J. 2001 . “ Coastal dynamics and sustainable management: the potential for managed realignment in the Forth estuary ” . In Earth Science and the Natural Heritage , Edited by: Gordon , J.E. and Lees , K.F. 148 – 160 . Edinburgh : The Stationery Office .
   Google Scholar
• Hansom , J.D. , Lees , G. , McGlashan , D J. and John , S. 2004 . Shoreline Management Plans and coastal cells in Scotland . Coastal Management , 32 (3) : 227 – 242 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansom , JD. and Rennie , A. 2004 . “ Assessment of the rates and causes of change in Scotlands beaches and dunes ” . In Scottish Natural Heritage Research, Survey and Monitoring Report , Edinburgh : Scottish Natural Heritage .
   Google Scholar
• Harvey , M.M. 2000 . Geomorphological controls on the sedimentation patterns of and distribution of anthropogenic radionuclides in, coastal saltmarshes, southwest Scotland , University of Glasgow . Unpublished PhD thesis
   Google Scholar
• Harvey , M.M. and Allan , R.L. 1998 . The Solway Firth saltmarshes . Scottish Geographical Magazine , 114 (1) : 42 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallingford , HR . 1995 . Survey of coastal erosion in the Western Isles , Report to Scottish Natural Heritage HR Wallingford Report No. EX 3155
   Google Scholar
• Wallingford , HR . 1997 . “ Coastal Cells in Scotland ” . In Scottish Natural Heritage Research, Survey and Monitoring Report No. 56 , Edinburgh : Scottish Natural Heritage .
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins , P.A. , Duck , R.W. , Rowan , J.S. and Walden , J. 2002 . Fingerprinting of bed sediment in the Tay Estuary, Scotland: an environmental magnetism approach . Hydrological and Earth System Science , 6 : 1007 – 1016 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambeck , K. 1991 . Glacial rebound and sea level change in the British Isles . Terra Nova , 3 : 379 – 389 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambeck , K. 1993a . Glacial rebound of the British Isles ‐I. Preliminary model results . Geophysical Journal International , 115 : 941 – 959 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambeck , K. 1993a . Glacial rebound of the British Isles ‐II. A high‐resolution, high‐precision model . Geophysical Journal International , 115 : 960 – 990 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambeck , K. 1995 . Late Devensian and Holocene shorelines of the British Isles and North Sea models of glacio‐hydro‐isostatic rebound . Journal of the Geological Society of London , 152 : 437 – 438 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landsberg , S.Y. 1956 . The orientation of dunes in Britain and Denmark in relation to wind . Geographical Journal , 112 : 176 – 189 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Largier , J.L. 1993 . Estuarine Fronts: how important are they? . Estuaries , 16 : 1 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd , M.G. 1997 . Ebb and flow of policy: strategic planning for the Scottish coast . Environmental and Waste Management , 1 : 125 – 130 .
   Google Scholar
• Mate , I.D. 1991 . The theoretical development of machair in the Hebrides . Scottish Geographical Magazine , 108 : 35 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mather , A.S. and Richie , W. 1977 . The beaches of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland , Perth : Countryside Commission for Scotland .
   Google Scholar
• May , V.J. and Hansom , J.D. 2003 . Coastal Geomorphology of Great Britain , Geological Conservation Review Series No. 28 Peterborough : Joint Nature Conservation Committee .
   Google Scholar
• McGlashan , D.J. 2002 . Coastal Management and Economic Development in Developed Nations: The Forth Estuary Forum . Coastal Management , 30 : 221 – 236 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGlashan , D.J. 2003a . Managed Relocation: an assessment of its feasibility as a coastal management option . Geographical Journal , 169 (1) : 6 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGlashan , DJ. 2003b . Funding in Integrated Coastal Zone Management Partnerships . Marine Pollution Bulletin , 46 (4) : 393 – 396 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGlashan , D J. and Barker , N. “ The partnership approach to integrated coastal management ” . In The British Sea: towards a sustainable luture , Edited by: Smith , H. and Potts , J. London : Routledge . (in press)
   Google Scholar
• McGlashan , D.J. and Firn , J.R. 2003 . Perceived socio‐economic and environmental costs and benefits of ICZM in Scotland . Scottish Geographical Journal , 119 (2) : 103 – 119 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McManus , J. , Duck , R.W. and Bates , C.R. Impacts of frontal systems on estuarine morphodynamics: a case study from the Tay Estuary, Scotland, UK . Proceedings of the 3rd IAHR Symposium on River, Coastal and Estuarine Morphodynamics . September 1–5 2003 , Barcelona . Vol. II , pp. 741 – 748 .
   Google Scholar
• Merritt , J.W. , Auton , C.A. , Connell , E.R. , Hall , A.M. and Peacock , J.D. , eds. 2003 . “ Cainozoic geology and landscape evolution of north‐east Scotland ” . In Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 66E, 67, 76E, 86E, 87W, 87E, 95, 96W ,96E and 97 (Scotland) Edinburgh
   Google Scholar
• Midgely , S. and McGlashan , D.J. in press . Planning and management of a proposed managed realignment project: Bothkennar, Forth Estuary . Marine Policy ,
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman , C. 2001 . Planning for the Scottish coastline . Scottish Planning and Environmental Law , 84 : 31 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• OTR . 2001 . Offshore Technology Report No. 2001/005 , Health and Safety Executive London : The Stationery Office .
   Google Scholar
• Pethick , J. 1999 . “ Future sea‐level changes in Scotland: options for coastal management ” . In Scotland's Living Coastline , Edited by: Baxter , J. , Duncan , K. , Atkins , S. and Lees , G. 45 – 62 . Norwich : HMSO .
   Google Scholar
• Price , RJ. 1983 . Scotland's Environment During the Last 30,000 Years , Edinburgh : Scottish Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pye , K. and French , P.W. 1993 . Erosion and Accretion processes on British Saltmarshes , Final report to the Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food Cambridge : Cambridge Environmental Consultants .
   Google Scholar
• Reeves , A.D. and Duck , R.W. 2000 . Density Fronts: sieves in the estuarine sediment transfer system? . Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (B) , 26 : 89 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riddell , K.J. and Fuller , T.W. 1995 . The Spey Bay geomorphological study . Earth Surface Processes and Landforms , 20 : 671 – 686 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchie , W. 1972 . The evolution of coastal sand dunes . Scottish Geographical Magazine , 88 : 19 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Ritchie , W. 1976 . The meaning and definition of machair . Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh , 42 : 431 – 440 .
   Google Scholar
• Ritchie , W. 1979 . Machair development and chronology of the Uists and adjacent islands . Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh , 77 : 107 – 122 .
   Google Scholar
• Ritchie , W. 1981 . Environmental impacts of oil and gas pipeline landfalls in northeast Scotland . Proc, 17th Coastal Eng. Conf. Amer. Soc. Civil Eng. , 111 : 2938 – 2956 .
   Google Scholar
• Ritchie , W. 1985 . “ Scotland ” . In The Worlds Coastline , Edited by: Bird , E.C.F. and Schwartz , M. London : Kluwer .
   Google Scholar
• Ritchie , W. 1992 . Coastal parabolic dunes of the Sands of Forvie . Scottish Geographical Magazine , 108 : 39 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchie , W. and Mather , A.S. 1984 . The Beaches of Scotland , Perth : Countryside Commission for Scotland .
   Google Scholar
• Ritchie , W. and McLean , L. 1988 . “ UK — Scotland ” . In Artificial Structures and Shorelines , Edited by: Walker , H J. 127 – 135 . London : Kluwer .
   Google Scholar
• Ritchie , W. and Whittington , G. 1994 . Non‐synchronous aeolian sand movements in the Uists: evidence of inter‐tidal organic and sand deposits at Cladach Mor . Scottish Geographical Magazine , 110 : 40 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchie , W. , Whittington , G. and Edwards , KJ. 2001 . Holocene changes in the geomorphology and vegetational history of the Atlantic littoral of the Uists, Outer Hebrides, Scotland . Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh , 92 : 121 – 136 .
   Google Scholar
• Robertson‐Rintoul , M.J. 1990 . “ A quantitative analysis of the near‐surface wind flow pattern over coastal parabolic dunes ” . In Coastal dunes: form and process , Edited by: Nordstrom , K. , Psuty , N. and Carter , R.W.G. 57 – 76 . Chichester : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• RSPB . 2003 . Nigg Bay RSPB Reserve Coastal Realignment Project February 2003 Video , Inverness : Royal Society for the Protection of Birds .
   Google Scholar
• Sankey , S. 1999 . “ The Scottish Coastal Forum: an independent advisory body to government ” . In Scotland's Living Coastline , Edited by: Baxter , J.M. , Duncan , K. , Atkins , S.M. and Lees , G. 123 – 131 . London : The Stationery Office .
   Google Scholar
• Sarrikostis , E. and McManus , J. 1987 . Potential longshore transports on the coasts north and south of the Tay Estuary . Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh , 92B : 297 – 310 .
   Google Scholar
• Scottish Coastal Forum . 2002 . Coastal Population Statistics , Scottish Coastal Forum Information Sheet 6
   Google Scholar
• Shennan , I. and Horton , B. 2002 . Holocene land and sea‐level changes in Great Britain . J. Quaternary Science , 17 : 511 – 526 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shennan , I. and Woodworm , P.L. 1992 . A comparison of late Holocene and 20th century sea‐level trends from the UK and North Sea region . Geophysical Journal International , 109 : 96 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shennan , I. , Lambeck , K. , Horton , B. , Innes , J. , Lloyd , J. , McArthur , J. , Purcell , T. and Rutherford , M. 2000 . Late Devensian and Holocene records of relative sea‐level changes in northwest Scotland and their implications for glacio‐hydro‐isostatic modelling . Quaternary Science Reviews , 19 : 1103 – 1135 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , D.E. 1997 . “ Sea‐level change in Scotland during the Devensian and Holocene ” . In Reflections on the Ice Age in Scotland , Edited by: Gordon , J.E. 136 – 151 . Scottish Association of Geography Teachers and Scottish Natural Heritage .
   Google Scholar
• SNH . 2000 . A guide to managing coastal erosion in beachidune systems , Perth : Scottish Natural Heritage .
   Google Scholar
• Stansell , P. , Wolfram , J. and Linfoot , B. 2002 . Statistics of wave groups measured in the northern North Sea: comparisons between time series and spectral predictions . Applied Ocean Research , 24 : 91 – 106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steers , J.A. 1937 . The Culbin Sands and Burghhead Bay . Geographical Journal , 90 : 498 – 528 .
   Google Scholar
• Steers , J.A. 1973 . The Coastline of Scotland , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Trenhaile , A.S. 1987 . The geomorphology of rock coasts , Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Trewin , N.H. , ed. 2003 . The Geology of Scotland , London : Geological Society .
   Google Scholar
• Wetherill , P.J. 1980 . Hydrodynamic process, sediment movement and coastal inlet morphodynamics at the mouth of the River Ythan Aberdeenshire , University of Aberdeen . Unpublished PhD thesis
   Google Scholar
• Whittow , J. 1992 . Geology and Scenery in Scotland , London : Chapman & Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , P. , Orford , J.D. , Knight , J. , Braley , S.M. and Wintle , A.G. 2001 . Late‐Holocene (post‐4000 years BP) coastal dune development in Northumberland, northeast England . The Holocene , 11 (2) : 215 – 229 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , P. , Christiansen , H.H. and Ross , S.M. 2002 . The geomorphological context and significance of wind‐abraded gravels, borders and outcrops from the coast of Scotland . Scottish Geographical Journal , 118 : 41 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , R. 1981 . Beaches of Tayside , Perth : Countryside Commission for Scotland .
   Google Scholar