1,029
Views
20
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Part III: Trauma, resilience and multi‐theoretical treatment

Trauma and the effects of violence exposure and abuse on children: A review of the literature

Pages 231-251 | Published online: 17 Feb 2010

References

  • Achenbach , T. M. and Edelbrock , C. 1983 . Manual for the child behavior checklist and revised child behavior profile , Burlington, VT : University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry .
  • American Psychiatric Association . 1980 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. , (3rd ed.) , Washington, DC : Author .
  • American Psychiatric Association . 1987 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. , 3rd ed. Rev. , Washington, DC : Author .
  • American Psychiatric Association . 1994 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. , (4th ed.) , Washington, DC : Author .
  • Augustyn , M. , Parker , S. , Groves , B. M. and Zuckerman , B. 1995 . Children who witness violence . Contemporary Pediatrics. , 12 : 35 – 57 .
  • Bell , C.C. and Jenkins , E.J. 1993 . Community violence and children on Chicago's Southside . Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, , 56 : 46 – 54 .
  • Bowlby , J. 1979 . On knowing what you aren't supposed to know and feeling what you are not supposed to feel . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 24 : 403 – 408 .
  • Boyer , D. and Fine , D. 1995 . Sexual abuse as a factor in adolescent pregnancy and child maltreatment . Family Planning Perspectives, , 24 : 4 – 19 .
  • Brett , E.A. 1993 . “ Classifications of posttraumatic stress disorder in DSM‐IV: Anxiety disorder, dissociative disorder or stress disorder? ” . In Posttraumatic stress disorder: DSM‐IV and beyond , Edited by: Davidson , J. R. T. and Foa , E. B. 191 – 204 . Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press .
  • Briere , J.N. 1996 . Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC) , Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
  • Burke , A. E. , Crenshaw , D. A. , Green , J. , Schosser , M. A. and Strocchia‐Rivera , L. 1989 . Influence of verbal ability on the expression of aggression in physically abused children . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, , 28 : 115 – 218 .
  • Carlson , B. E. 1984 . “ Children's observations of interparental violence ” . In Battered women and their families , Edited by: Roberts , A. R. 146 – 167 . New York : Springer .
  • Carmen , C. , Hilberman , E. and Munson , M. 1978 . Sixty battered women . Vtctimology, , 2 : 460 – 471 .
  • Chaffin , M. . Working with multiply traumatized children . Paper presented at the San Diego Conference on Responding to Child Maltreatment, APSAC Advanced Training Seminars .
  • Crittenden , P.M. and Ainsworth , M.D.S. 1989 . “ Child maltreatment and attachment theory ” . In Child maltreatment: Theory and research on the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect , Edited by: Cicchetti , D. and Carlson , V. 432 – 463 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
  • Davidson , J. 1993 . “ Issues in the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder ” . In Review of psychiatry , Edited by: Oldham , J.M. , Riba , M.B. and Tasman , A. Vol. 12 , 141 – 155 . Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press .
  • DeBellis , M. D. , Burke , L. , Trickett , T. K. and Putnam , F. W. 1996 . Antinuclear antibodies and thyroid function in sexually abused girls . Journal of Traumatic Stress, , 9 : 569 – 378 .
  • DeBellis , M. D. , Chrousos , G. P. , Dorn , L. D. , Burke , L. , Helmers , K. , Kling , M. A. , Trickett , P. K. and Putnam , F.W. 1994 . Hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis dysregulation in sexually abused girls . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, , 78 : 249 – 255 .
  • DeBellis , M. D. , Lefter , L. , Trickett , P. K. and Putnam , F. W. 1994 . Urinary catecholaimine excretion in sexually abused girls . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 33 : 320 – 327 .
  • Deblinger , E. , McLeer , S. V. , Atkins , M. S. , Ralphe , D. and Foa , E. 1989 . Post‐traumatic stress in sexually abused, physically abused, and nonabused children . Child Abuse and Neglect, , 13 : 403 – 408 .
  • Duncan , R. D. , Saunders , B. E. , Kilpatrick , D. G. , Hanson , R. F. and Resnick , H. S. 1996 . Childhood physical assault as a risk factor for PTSD, depression, and substance abuse: Findings from a national survey . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, , 66 : 437 – 448 .
  • Edleson , J. L. 1999 . Children's Witnessing of Adult Domestic Violence . Journal of Interpersonal Violence, , 14 (8) : 839 – 870 .
  • Eitinger , L. 1964 . Concentration camp survivors in Norway and Israel , Oslo : Universitestsforlaget .
  • Eth , S. and Pynoos , R. S. 1994 . Children who witness the homicide of a parent . Psychiatry, , 57 : 287 – 306 .
  • Famularo , R. , Fenton , T. and Kinscherff , R. 1993 . Child maltreatment and the development of posttraumatic stress disorder . American Journal of the Disabled Child, , 147 : 755 – 760 .
  • Fantuzzo , J. W. and Linquist , C. U. 1989 . The effects of observing conjugal violence on children: A review and analysis of research methodology . Journal of Family Violence, , 4 : 77 – 94 .
  • Fick , A. C. , Osofsky , J. D. and Lewis , M. L. 1997 . “ Police and parents’ perceptions and understandings of violence ” . In Children in a violent society , Edited by: Osofsky , J. D. 262 – 276 . New York : Guilford Press .
  • Figley , C. 1978 . Stress disorders among Vietnam veterans: Theory, research and treatment implications , New York : Brunner/Mazel .
  • Figley , C. R. , ed. 1986 . Traumatic stress points: News from the Society for Traumatic Stress Studies , Vol. 1 , Dayton, OH : Society for Traumatic Stress Studies . (2).
  • Finkelhor , D. and Browne , A. 1986 . “ Initial and long term effects: A conceptual framework ” . In A sourcebook on child sexual abuse , Edited by: Finkelhor , D. and Associates . 180 – 188 . Beverely Hills, CA : Sage Publications .
  • Finkelhor , D. and Deblinger , L. 1995 . Research on the treatment of sexually abused children: A review and recommendations . The Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, , 34 : 1408 – 1423 .
  • Fitzpatrick , K. M. and Boldizar , J. P. 1993 . The prevalence and consequences of exposure to violence among African‐American youth . Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, , 32 : 424 – 430 .
  • Foy , D. W. , Madvig , B. T. , Pynoos , R. S. and Camilleri , A. J. 1996 . Etiologic factors in the development of posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents . Journal of School Psychology, , 34 (2) : 133 – 145 .
  • Freud , S. 1956 . “ Inhibitions, symptoms and anxiety ” . In The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud , Edited by: Strachey , J. Vol. 7 , 125 – 243 . London : Hogarth Press . (Original work published 1920.)
  • Frederick , C. J. 1988 . Reaction Index to Psychic Trauma Form C (Child) , Los Angeles : C. J. Frederick . PhD, Psychological Services
  • Friedrich , W. N. , Beilke , R. L. and Urquiza , A. J. 1987 . Children from sexually abusive families: A behavioral comparison . Journal of Interpersonal Violence, , 2 : 391 – 402 .
  • Gelles , R. J. and Straus , M. A. 1979 . “ Determinants of violence in the family: Toward a theoretical integration ” . In Contemporary theories about the family , Edited by: Burr , W. R. , Hill , R. and Nye , F. I. New York : Free Press .
  • Goenjian , A. K. , Pynoos , R. S. Steinberg , A. M. 1995 . Psychiatric comorbidity in children after the 1988 earthquake in Armenia . Journal of American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry , 34 : 1174 – 1184 .
  • Graham‐Bermann , S. A. , Levendosky , A. A. , Porterfield , K. and Okun , A. 1996 . The impact of woman abuse on children: The role of social relationships and emotional context Manuscript under review
  • Grayston , A. D. , De Luca , R. V. and Boyes , D. A. 1992 . Self‐esteem, anxiety, and loneliness in preadolescent girls who have experienced sexual abuse . Child Psychiatry and Human Development, , 22 : 277 – 286 .
  • Green , B.L. , Korol , M. Grace , M.C. 1991 . Children and disaster: age, gender and parental effects on posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. , 30 : 945 – 951 .
  • Grinker , R. R. and Spiegel , J. 1945 . Men under stress , Philadelphia : Blakeston .
  • Groth , A. N. 1979 . Sexual trauma in the life histories of rapists and child molesters . Victimology: An International Journal, , 4 (1) : 10 – 16 .
  • Groves , B. and Zuckerman , B. 1997 . “ Interventions with parents and community caregivers ” . In Children in a violent society , Edited by: Osofsky , J. D. 183 – 201 . New York : Guilford Press .
  • Halperin , J. M. , Newcom , J. H. , Matier , K. , Bedi , G. , Hall , S. and Sharma , V. 1995 . Impulsivity and the initiation of fights in children with disruptive behavior disorders . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, , 36 (7) : 1199 – 1211 .
  • Hanson , R. F. , Saunders , B. E. and Smith , D. W. . The impact of childhood physical and sexual assault on adult mental health . Paper presented at the Conference on Responding to Child Maltreatment . San Diego, CA.
  • Helmers , K. , Everett , B. A. and Trickett , P. I. . Social support of sexually abused girls and their mothers . Paper presented at the biennial meetings of the Society for Research in Development . Seattle, WA. April ,
  • Herman , J. L. 1992 . Trauma and recovery , New York : Basic Books .
  • Herrenkohl , R. C. and Herrenkohl , E. C. 1981 . “ Some antecedents and developmental consequences of child maltreatment ” . In New directions for child development, developmental perspectives on child maltreatment , Edited by: Rizley , R. and Cicchetti , D. 11 – 57 . San Francisco : Jossey‐Bass .
  • Hinton‐Nelson , M. D. , Roberts , M. C. and Snyder , C. R. 1996 . Early adolescents exposed to violence: Hope and vulnerability to victimization . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, , 66 (3) : 346 – 353 .
  • Jaffe , P. G. , Wolfe , D. and Wilson , S. 1990 . Children of battered women: Issues in child development and intervention planning , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
  • James , B. 1989 . Treating traumatized children , New York : Lexington Books .
  • Jenkins , E. J. and Bell , C. C. 1994 . “ Violence exposure, psychological distress, and high‐risk behaviors among inner city high school students ” . In Anxiety disorders in African‐Americans , Edited by: Friedman , S. 76 – 88 . New York : Springer .
  • Jenkins , E. J. and Bell , C. C. 1997 . “ Exposure and response to community violence among children and adolescents ” . In Children in a Violent Society , Edited by: Osofsky , J. 9 – 31 . New York : Guilford Press .
  • Jenkins , E. J. and Thompson , B. . Children talk about violence: Preliminary findings from a survey of black elementary school children . Presented at the 19th annual convention of the Association of Black Psychologists . Oakland, CA. August ,
  • Kardiner , A. and Spiegel , H. 1947 . War, stress, and neurotic illness: The traumatic neuroses of war , New York : Hoeber .
  • Kashani , J. H. , Daniel , A. E. , Dandoy , A. C. and Holcomb , W. R. 1992 . Family violence: Impact on children . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, , 31 : 181 – 189 .
  • Kaufman , J. and Cicchetti , D. 1989 . Effects of maltreatment on school‐age children's socioemotional development: Assessments in day‐camp setting . Developmental Psychology , 25 : 516 – 524 .
  • Kempe , R. S. and Kempe , C. H. 1978 . Child abuse , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
  • Kendall‐Tackett , K. A. , Williams , L. M. and Finkelhor , D. 1993 . Impact of sexual abuse on children: A review and synthesis of recent empirical studies . Psychological Bulletin, , 113 : 164 – 180 .
  • Kiser , L. J. , Heston , J. , Millsap , P. A. and Pruitt , D. B. 1991 . Physical and sexual abuse in childhood: Relationship with post‐traumatic stress disorder . Journal of the America Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, , 3 : 776 – 783 .
  • Kitchur , M. and Bell , R. 1989 . Group psychotherapy with preadolescent sexual abuse victims: Literature review and description of an inner‐city group . International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, , 39 : 285 – 310 .
  • Kolko , D. J. , Moser , J. T. and Weldy , S. R. 1990 . Medical/health histories and physical evaluation of physically and sexually abused child psychiatric patients: A controlled study . Journal of Family Violence, , 5 : 249 – 267 .
  • Krystal , H. 1968 . Massive psychic trauma , New York : International Universities Press .
  • Krystal , H. 1991 . Integration and self‐healing in post‐traumatic states: A ten‐year retrospective . American Imago , 48 : 93 – 117 .
  • Lewis , D. O. , Lovely , R. , Yeager , C. and della Femina , D. 1989 . Toward a theory of the genesis of violence: A follow‐up study of delinquents . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, , 28 : 431 – 436 .
  • Laor , N. , Wolmer , L. and Mayes , L. C. 1996 . Israeli preschoolers under scud missile attacks: A developmental perspective on risk‐modifying factors . Archives of General Psychiatry , 53 : 416 – 423 .
  • McBride‐Change , C. , Trickett , P. K. , Horn , J. L. and Putnam , F. W. . The CBCL and behavior problems in sexually abused girls . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association . Washington, DC. August ,
  • McCloskey , L. A. , Figueredo , A. J. and Koss , M. P. 1995 . The effects of systemic family violence on children's mental health . Child Development, , 66 : 1239 – 1261 .
  • Malmquist , C. P. 1986 . Children who witness parental murder: Posttraumatic aspects . Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, , 25 : 320 – 335 .
  • Mannarino , A. P. , Cohen , J. A. , Smith , J. A. and Moore‐Motily , S. 1991 . Six‐and twelvemonth follow‐up of sexually abused girls . Journal of Interpersonal Violence, , 6 : 494 – 511 .
  • Mennen , F. E. and Meadow , D. 1995 . The relationship of abuse characteristics to symptoms in sexually abused girls . Journal of Interpersonal Violence, , 10 : 259 – 274 .
  • Milgram , N. A. , Toubiana , Y. H. , Klingman , A. , Raviv , A. and Goldstein , I. 1988 . Situational exposure and personal loss in children's acute and chronic stress reactions to a school bus disaster . Journal of Traumatic Stress, , 1 : 339 – 352 .
  • Nader , K.O. , Pynoos , R.S. , Fairbanks , L.A. , Al‐Ajeel , M. and Al‐Asfour , A. 1993 . A preliminary study of PTSD and grief among the children of Kuwait following the Gulf crisis . The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, , 32 : 407 – 416 .
  • Najarian , L. M. , Goenjian , A. K. , Pelcovitz , D. , Mandel , F. and Najarian , B. 1996 . Relocation after a disaster: Posttraumatic stress disorder in Armenia after the earthquake . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, , 35 : 374 – 383 .
  • Oates , K. 1986 . Child abuse and neglect: What happens eventually? , New York : Brunner/Mazel .
  • Olafson , E. and Boat , B. W. 2000 . “ Long‐term management of the sexually abused child: Considerations and challenges ” . In Treatment of child abuse: Common ground for mental health, medical, and legal practices , Edited by: Reece , R. 14 – 35 . Washington, DC : John Hopkins University Press .
  • Omitz , E. M. and Pynoos , R. S. 1989 . Startle modulation in children with posttraumatic stress disorder . American Journal of Psychiatry, , 146 : 866 – 870 .
  • Osofsky , J. D. , Wewers , S. , Hann , D. M. and Fick , A. C. 1993 . Chronic community violence: What is happening to our children? . Psychiatry, , 56 : 7 – 21 .
  • Peled , E. and Davis , D. 1995 . “ Process and outcome in small groups for children of battered women ” . In Ending the cycle of violence: Community responses to children of battered women , Edited by: Peled , E. , Jaffe , P. G. and Edleson , J. L. 77 – 96 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
  • Perry , B. D. 1994 . “ Neurobiological sequelae of childhood trauma: PTSD in children ” . In Catecholamine function in posttraumatic stress disorder: Emerging concepts , Edited by: Murburg , M. M. 322 – 355 . Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press .
  • Peters , S. D. , Wyatt , G. E. and Finkelhor , D. 1986 . “ Prevalence ” . In A sourcebook on child sexual abuse , Edited by: Finkelhor , D. 15 – 39 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
  • Pfefferbaum , B. 1997 . Posttraumatic stress disorder in children: A review of the past 10 years . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, , 36 (11) : 1503 – 1511 .
  • Pollock , V. E. , Briere , J. , Schneider , L. Knop , J. 1990 . Childhood antecedents of antisocial behavior: Parental alcoholism and physical abusiveness . American Journal of Psychiatry, , 147 : 1290 – 1293 .
  • Putnam , F. W. , Helmers , K. and Trickett , P. I. 1993 . Development, reliability, and validation of a child dissociation scale . Child Abuse and Neglect, , 17 : 731 – 740 .
  • Pynoos , R. S. 1993 . “ Traumatic stress and developmental psychopathology in children and adolescents ” . In Review of psychiatry , Edited by: Oldham , J. M. , Riba , M. B. and Tasman , A. Vol. 12 , 205 – 237 . Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press .
  • Pynoos , R. S. and Eth , S. 1985 . “ Developmental perspective on psychic trauma in childhood ” . In Trauma and its wake , Edited by: Figley , C. R. New York : Brunner/Mazel .
  • Pynoos , R. S. and Eth , S. 1986 . Witness to violence: The child interview . Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry , 25 (3) : 306 – 319 .
  • Pynoos , R. , Frederick , C. , Nader , K. , Arroyo , W. , Steinberg , A. , Eth , S. , Nunez , F. and Fairbanks , L. 1987 . Life threat and post‐traumatic stress in school‐age children . Archives of General Psychiatry, , 44 : 1057 – 1063 .
  • Pynoos , R. S. and Nader , K. 1988 . Psychological first aid: For children who witness community violence . Journal of Traumatic Stress, , 1 : 445 – 473 .
  • Richters , J. and Martinez , P. 1993 . The NIMH community violence project: I. Children as victims of and witnesses to violence . Psychiatry, , 56 : 7 – 21 .
  • Russell , D. E. H. 1984 . Sexual exploitation , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage Publications .
  • Schwarz , E. D. and Kowalski , J. M. 1991 . Malignant memories: PTSD in children and adults after a school shooting . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, , 30 : 936 – 944 .
  • Silvern , L. , Landis , T. and Karyl , J. . Identifying trauma in children of violent marriages . Paper presented at the 1990 National Symposium on Child Victimization . Atlanta, GA.
  • Singer , M. I. , Anglin , T. M. , Song , L. Y. and Lunghofer , L. 1995 . Adolescents’ exposure to violence and associated symptoms of psychological trauma . Journal of the American Medical Association, , 273 (6) : 477 – 482 .
  • Spiracelli , S. , Sandier , I. N. and Roosa , M. 1994 . History of spouse violence against mother: Correlated risks and unique effects in child mental health . Journal of Family Violence, , 9 : 79 – 98 .
  • Stemberg , K. J. , Lamb , M. E. , Greenbaum , C. , Cicchetti , D. , Dawud , S. , Cortes , R. M. , Krispin , O. and Lorey , F. 1993 . Effects of domestic violence on children's behavior problems and depression . Developmental Psychology, , 29 : 44 – 52 .
  • Straus , M. A. 1977 . “ Sociological perspective on the prevention and treatment of wife‐beating ” . In Battered women: A psychological study of domestic violence , Edited by: Roy , M. New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
  • Straus , M. A. 1979 . Measuring intrafamilial conflict and violence: The Conflict Tactics Scales . Journal of Marriage and Family, , 41 : 75 – 88 .
  • Straus , M. A. . Children as witness to marital violence: A risk factor for life long problems among a nationally representative sample of American men and women . Paper presented at the Ross Round Table “Children and Violence.” . Washington, DC. September ,
  • Surrey , J. , Swett , C. , Michaels , A. L. and Levin , S. 1990 . Reported history of physical and sexual abuse and severity of symptomatology in women psychiatric outpatients . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, , 60 : 412 – 417 .
  • Terr , L. 1979 . Children of Chowchilla: A study of psychic trauma . Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, , 34 : 547 – 623 .
  • Terr , L. C. 1991 . Childhood traumas: An outline and overview . American Journal of Psychiatry, , 48 : 10 – 20 .
  • Trickett , P.K. and Putnam , F.W. . Patterns of symptoms in prepubertal and pubertal sexually abused girls . Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association . San Francisco, CA. August ,
  • Trickett , P.K. , McBride‐Chang , C. and Putnam , F.W. 1994 . The classroom performance and behavior of sexually abused females . Development and Psychopathology, , 6 : 183 – 194 .
  • Trickett , P. K. and McBride‐Chang , C. 1995 . The developmental impact of different forms of child abuse and neglect . Developmental Review, , 15 : 311 – 337 .
  • Trickett , P.K. , Horowitz , L.A. , Reiffman , A. and Putnam , F.W. . Characteristics of sexual abuse in a sample of girls and female adolescents . Rochester Symposium on Developmental Psychopathology, Volume VIII: The Effects of Trauma on the Developmental Process . Edited by: Cicchetti , D. and Toth , S.L. Volume VIII , pp. 289 – 314 . Rochester, NY : University of Rochester Press .
  • Trickett , P. K. and Putnam , F. W. 1998 . “ Developmental consequences of child sexual abuse ” . In Violence against children in the family and the community , Edited by: Trickett , P. K. and Schellenbach , C. J. 39 – 56 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
  • Tong , L. , Oates , K. and McDowell , M. 1987 . Personality development following sexual abuse . Child Abuse and Neglect, , 11 : 371 – 383 .
  • Vondra , J. , Barnett , D. and Cicchetti , D. 1990 . Self‐concept, motivation, and competence among pre‐schoolers from maltreating and comparison families . Child Abuse and Neglect, , 14 : 525 – 540 .
  • Walker , L. 1979 . The battered women , New York : Harper & Row .
  • Wolfe , D. A. , Jaffe , P. , Wilson , S. K. and Zak , L. 1985 . Children of battered women: The relations of child behavior to family violence and maternal stress . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, , 5 : 657 – 665 .
  • Wyatt , G. E. and Powell , G. , eds. 1988 . Lasting effects of child sexual abuse , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.