References
- Addis, Michael, and James Mahalik. 2003. “Men, Masculinity, and the Contexts of Help Seeking.” American Psychologist 58:5–14.
- Allison, Paul. 2012. “When Can You Safely Ignore Multicollinearity?” Statistical Horizons Blog. Retrieved May 15, 2015 (http://statisticalhorizons.com/multicollinearity).
- Aquilino, William S. 2005. “Impact of Family Structure on Parental Attitudes toward the Economic Support of Adult Children over the Transition to Adulthood.” Journal of Family Issues 26:143–67.
- Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen. 2004. Emerging Adulthood: The Winding Road from the Late Teens through the Twenties. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Bell, Lisa, Gary Burtless, Janet Gornick, and Timothy M. Smeeding. 2007. “Failure to Launch: Cross-National Trends in the Transition to Economic Independence.” Pp. 27–55 in The Price of Independence: The Economics of Early Adulthood, edited by S. Danziger and C. E. Rouse. New York: Russell Sage.
- Bengtson, Vern L., Timothy J. Biblarz, and Robert E. L.Roberts . 2002. How Families Still Matter: A Longitudinal Study of Youth in Two Generations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Birditt, Kira, Karen Fingerman, and Steven Zarit. 2010. “Adult Children’s Problems and Successes: Implications for Intergenerational Ambivalence.” Journal of Gerontology 65:145–53.
- Blossfeld, Pia, Gwendolin Blossfeld, and Hans-Peter Blossfeld. 2016. “Changes in Educational Inequality in Cross-National Perspective.” Pp 223–47 in Handbook of the Life Course, vol. 2, edited by Michael J. Shanahan, Jeylan T. Mortimer, and Monica K. Johnson. New York: Springer.
- Buchman, Claudia, and Thomas DiPrete. 2006. “The Growing Female Advantage in College Completion: The Role of Family Background and Academic Achievement.” American Sociological Review 71:515–41.
- Cichy, Kelly, Eva Lefkowitz, Eden Davis, and Karen Fingerman. 2013. “‘You Are Such a Disappointment!’ Negative Emotions and Parents’ Perceptions of Adult Children’s Lack of Success.” Journal of Gerontology 68:893–901.
- Cook, Brian. 2012. Incomplete Completers: Analysis of a Comprehensive Graduation Rate. Washington, DC: American Council on Education. Retrieved February 7, 2014 (http://www.acenet.edu/news-room/Pages/Incomplete-Completers-Analysis-of-a-Comprehensive-Graduation-Rate.aspx).
- Danziger, Sheldon, and David Ratner. 2010. “Labor Market Outcomes and the Transition to Adulthood.” Future of Children: Transition to Adulthood 20:133–58.
- Demantas, Illana, and Kristen Myers. 2015. “‘Step Up and Be a Man in a Different Manner’: Unemployed Men Reframing Masculinity.” Sociological Quarterly 56:640–64.
- Eggebeen, David. 2005. “Cohabitation and Exchanges of Support.” Social Forces 83:1097–110.
- England, Paula. 2010. “The Gender Revolution Uneven and Stalled.” Gender and Society 24:149–66.
- Finch, Michael, Michael Shanahan, Jeylan T. Mortimer, and Seongryeol Ryu. 1991. “Work Experience and Control Orientation in Adolescence.” American Sociological Review 56:597–611.
- Fingerman, Karen, Yen-Pi Cheng, Kelly Cichy, Kira Birditt, and Steven Zarit. 2013. “Help with ‘Strings Attached’: Offspring Perceptions that Middle-Aged Parents Offer Conflicted Support.” Journal of Gerontology 68:902–11.
- Fingerman, Karen, Yen-Pi Cheng, Lauren Tighe, Kira Birditt, and Steven Zarit. 2012b. “Relationships between Young Adults and Their Parents.” Pp. 59–85 in Early Adulthood in a Family Context, edited by Alan Booth, Susan Brown, Nancy Landale, Wendy Manning, and Susan McHale. New York: Springer.
- Fingerman, Karen, Yen-Pi Cheng, Eric Wesselmann, Steven Zarit, Frank Furstenberg, and Kira S. Birditt. 2012a. “Helicopter Parents and Landing Pad Kids: Intense Parental Support of Grown Children.” Journal of Marriage and Family 74:880–96.
- Fingerman, Karen, Kyungmin Kim, Eden Davis, Frank F. Furstenberg Jr., Kira Birditt, and Steven Zarit. 2015. “‘I’ll Give You the World’: Socioeconomic Differences in Parental Support of Adult Children.” Journal of Marriage and Family 77:844–65.
- Fingerman, Karen, Laura Miller, Kira Birditt, and Steven Zarit. 2009. “Giving to the Good and the Needy: Parental Support of Grown Children.” Journal of Marriage and Family 71:1220–33.
- Fischer, Claude, and Michael Hout. 2006. Century of Difference: How America Changed in the Last One Hundred Years. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
- Fry, Richard. 2013. “A Rising Share of Young Adults Live in Their Parents’ Home.” Pew Research Center Social and Demographic Trends. Retrieved June 18, 2016 (http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/08/01/a-rising-share-of-young-adults-live-in-their-parents-home/).
- Goldin, Claudia. 2006. “The Quiet Revolution that Transformed Women’s Employment, Education, and Family.” American Economic Review 96:1–21.
- Grind, Kirsten. 2013. “ Mother Can You Spare a Room?” Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 5, 2015 (http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323699704578326583020869940).
- Hamilton, Laura T. 2013. “More Is More or More Is Less? Parental Financial Investments during College.” American Sociological Review 78:70–95.
- Hartnett, Caroline Sten, Frank Furstenberg, Kira Birditt, and Karen Fingerman. 2012. “Parental Support during Young Adulthood: Why Does Assistance Decline with Age?” Journal of Family Issues 34:975–1007.
- Jacob, Marita. 2008. “Unemployment Benefits and Parental Resources: What Helps the Young Unemployed with Labour Market Integration?” Journal of Youth Studies 11:147–63.
- Johnson, Monica Kirkpatrick. 2013. “Parental Financial Assistance and Young Adults’ Relationships with Parents and Well-Being.” Journal of Marriage and Family 75:713–33.
- Johnson, Monica Kirkpatrick, and Janel Benson. 2012. “The Implication of Family Context for the Transition to Adulthood.” Pp. 87–103 in Early Adulthood in a Family Context, edited by Alan Booth, Susan Brown, Nancy Landale, Wendy Manning, and Susan McHale. New York: Springer.
- Kadlec, Dan. 2014. “ How to Avoid Paying for Your Kids Forever?” Money. Retrieved June 5, 2015 (http://time.com/money/page/parents-adult-children-financial-support/).
- Lareau, Annette. 2011. Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Marini, Margaret Mooney, and Pi-Ling Fan. 1997. “The Gender Gap in Earnings at Career Entry.” American Sociological Review 62:588–604.
- Newman, Katherine. 2012. The Accordion Family: Boomerang Kids, Anxious Parents, and the Private Toll of Global Competition. Boston: Beacon Press.
- O’Brien, Robert. 2007. “A Caution Regarding Rules of Thumb for Variance Inflation Factors.” Quality and Quantity 41:673–90.
- Oesterle, Sabrina, David Hawkins, Karl Hill, and Jennifer Bailey. 2010. “Men’s and Women’s Pathways to Adulthood and Their Adolescent Precursors.” Journal of Marriage and Family 72:1436–53.
- Osgood, D. Wayne, E. Michael Foster, Connie A. Flanagan, and Gretchen R. Ruth, eds. 2005. On Your Own without a Net: The Transition to Adulthood for Vulnerable Populations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Padgett, Caroliniana, and R. Corey Remle. 2015. “Financial Assistance Patterns from Midlife Parents to Adult Children: A Test of the Cumulative Advantage Hypothesis. Journal of Family and Economic Issues 36:1–15. doi: 10.1007/s10834-015-9461-4.
- Prentice, Deborah, and Erica Carranza. 2002. “What Women and Men Should Be, Shouldn’t Be, and Don’t Have to Be: The Contents of Prescriptive Gender Stereotypes.” Psychology of Women Quarterly 26:209–81.
- Sandberg-Thoma, Sara, Anastasia R. Snyder, and Bohyun Joy Jang. 2015. “Exiting and Returning Home for Boomerang Kids.” Journal of Marriage and Family 77:806–18.
- Sarkisian, Natalia, and Naomi Gerstel. 2008. “Till Marriage Do Us Part: Adult Children’s Relationships with Their Parents.” Journal of Marriage and Family 70:360–76.
- Sassler, Sharon, Desiree Ciambrone, and Gaelan Benway. 2008. “Are They Really Mama’s Boys/Daddy’s Girls? The Negotiation of Adulthood upon Returning to the Parental Home.” Sociological Forum 23:670–98.
- Scabini, Eugenia, Elena Marta, and Margherita Lanz. 2006. The Transition to Adulthood and Family Relations: An Intergenerational Perspective. East Sussex: Psychology Press.
- Schoeni, Robert, and Karen Ross. 2005. “Material Assistance from Families during the Transition to Adulthood.” Pp. 396–416 in On the Frontier of Adulthood: Theory, Research, and Public Policy, edited by Richard A. Settersten Jr., Frank F. Furstenberg Jr., and Ruben G. Rumbaut. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Semyonov, Moshe, and Noah Lewin-Epstein. 2001. “The Impact of Transfers on Living Standards of Married Children.” Social Indicators Research 54:115–37.
- Settersten, Richard, Jr. 2012. “The Contemporary Context of Young Adulthood in the USA: From Demography to Development, From Private Troubles to Public Issues.” Pp. 3–34 in Early Adulthood in a Family Context, edited by Alan Booth, Susan Brown, Nancy Landale, Wendy Manning, and Susan McHale. New York: Springer.
- Settersten, Richard, Jr., Frank F. Furstenberg, and Rubén G. Rumbaut, eds. 2005. On the Frontier of Adulthood: Theory, Research, and Public Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Settersten, Richard, Jr., and Barbara Ray. 2010. Not Quite Adults: Why 20-Somethings Are Choosing a Slower Path to Adulthood, and Why It’s Good for Everyone. New York: Bantam Books.
- Siennick, Sonja. 2011. “Tough Love: Crime and Parental Assistance in Young Adulthood.” Criminology 49:163–95.
- Speder, Zsolt, Livia Murinko, and Richard Settersten Jr. 2014. “Are Conceptions of Adulthood Universal and Unisex? Ages and Social Markers in 25 European Countries.” Social Forces 92:873–98.
- Staff, Jeremy, and Jeylan T. Mortimer. 2007. “Educational and Work Strategies from Adolescence to Early Adulthood: Consequences for Educational Attainment.” Social Forces 85:1169–94.
- Suitor, J. Jill, Karl Pillemer, and Jori Sechrist. 2006. “Within-Family Differences in Mothers’ Support to Adult Children.” Journal of Gerontology 61:S10–S17.
- Swartz, Teresa Toguchi, Minzee Kim, Mayumi Uno, Jeylan T. Mortimer, and Kirsten Bengtson O’Brien. 2011. “Safety Nets and Scaffolds: Parental Support in the Transition to Adulthood.” Journal of Marriage and Family 73:414–29.
- Turley, Ruth López, Matthew Desmond, and Sarah Bruch. 2010. “Unanticipated Educational Consequences of a Positive Parent-Child Relationship.” Journal of Marriage and Family 72:1377–90.
- Waithaka, Eric. 2014. “Family Capital: Conceptual Model to Unpack the Intergenerational Transfer of Advantage in Transitions to Adulthood.” Journal of Research on Adolescence 24:471–84.
- Ward, Russell, and Glenna Spitze. 2007. “Nestleaving and Coresidence by Young Adult Children: The Role of Family Relations.” Research on Aging 29:257–77.
- Wightman, Patrick, Robert Schoeni, and Keith Robinson. 2012. “Familial Financial Assistance to Young Adults.” Working Paper No. 12-10, National Poverty Center, Ann Arbor, MI.
- Yavorsky, Jill, Claire Kamp Dush, and Sarah Schoppe-Sullivan. 2015. “The Production of Inequality: The Gender Division of Labor Across the Transition to Parenthood.” Journal of Marriage and Family 77:662–79.