337
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Explaining Attitudes toward Executive Pay: Evidence from a Survey Experiment

&

References

  • Adams, J. Stacy. 1965. “Inequity in Social Exchange.” in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 2, edited by L. Berkowitz. New York: Academic Press.
  • Alvarez, R Michael and John Brehm. 2002. Hard Choices, Easy Answers: Values, Information, and American Public Opinion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Alves, Wayne M. and Peter H. Rossi. 1978. “Who Should Get What? Fairness Judgments of the Distribution of Earnings.” American Journal of Sociology 84(3):541–64. doi:10.1086/226826.
  • Ansolabehere, Stephen and Brian F. Schaffner. 2011. “Re-Examining the Validity of Different Survey Modes for Measuring Public Opinion in the U.S.: Findings from a 2010 Multi-Mode Comparison.” Pp. 12–15 AAPOR Annual Conference, Phoenix, AZ.
  • Associated Press. 2014. “Median Pay for Ceos Rises above $10 Million in 2013.” Los Angeles Times, May 27.
  • Bakija, Jon, Adam Cole, and Bradley T. Heim. 2012. Jobs and Income Growth of Top Earners and the Causes of Changing Income Inequality: Evidence from U.S. Tax Return Data (Working Paper). Williams College.
  • Bebchuk, Lucian and Yaniv Grinstein. 2005. “The Growth of Executive Pay.” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 21(2):283–303. doi:10.1093/oxrep/gri017.
  • Bebchuk, Lucian A. and Jesse M. Fried. 2005. “Pay without Performance: Overview of the Issues.“ Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 17(4):8–23.
  • Bebchuk, Lucian A. and Jesse M. Fried. 2010. “Tackling the Managerial Power Problem: The Key to Improving Executive Compensation,” Pathways Magazine, August 2010.
  • Booth, William James. 1994. “On the Idea of the Moral Economy.” The American Political Science Review 88(3):653–67. doi:10.2307/2944801.
  • Brooks, C. and S. Svallfors. 2010. “Why Does Class Matter? Policy Attitudes, Mechanisms, and the Case of the Nordic Countries.” Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 28(2):199–213. doi:10.1016/j.rssm.2010.01.003.
  • Burak, Esra. 2017. “Is the Sky the Limit? Fair Executive Pay as Performance Rises.” Social Problems. doi:10.1093/socpro/spw050.
  • Bykov, Andrey. 2017. “Altruism: New Perspectives of Research on a Classical Theme in Sociology of Morality.” Current Sociology 65(6):797–813. doi:10.1177/0011392116657861.
  • Calhoun, C. 2013. “Occupy Wall Street in Perspective.” British Journal of Sociology 64(1):26–38.
  • Core, J.E., W. Guay, and D.F. Larcker. 2008. “The Power of the Pen and Executive Compensation.” Journal of Financial Economics 88(1):1–25. doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2007.05.001.
  • Crystal, Graef S. 1991. In Search of Excess: The Overcompensation of American Executives. New York: Norton.
  • Dahlgreen, Will. 2016, “World’s Most Admired 2016: Putin and the Queen Up, Pope Francis and Malala Down.” Retrieved July 1, 2017 (https://yougov.co.uk/news/2016/05/07/wma-2016/).
  • DeCarlo, Scott. 2008. “America’s Best Big Companies.” Forbes.
  • DiNapoli, Thomas P. and Kenneth B. Bleiwas. October 2015 The Securities Industry in New York City (Report 5-2016). (https://www.osc.state.ny.us/osdc/rpt5-2016.pdf).
  • DiPrete, T.A., G.M. Eirich, and M. Pittinsky. 2010. “Compensation Benchmarking, Leapfrogs, and the Surge in Executive Pay.” American Journal of Sociology 115 (6):1671–712.
  • Eagly, Alice H. and Linda L. Carli. 2007. Through the Labyrinth: The Truth about How Women Become Leaders. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
  • Elster, Jon. 1989. “Social Norms and Economic Theory.” The Journal of Economic Perspectives 3(4):99–117. doi:10.1257/jep.3.4.99.
  • Etzioni, Amitai. 1988. The Moral Dimension: Toward a New Economics. New York: Free Press.
  • Evans, M.D.R., Jonathan Kelley, and Clayton D. Peoples. 2010. “Justifications of Inequality: The Normative Basis of Pay Differentials in 31 Nations.” Social Science Quarterly 91(5):1405–31. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2010.00738.x.
  • Feldman, Stanley. 1983. “Economic Individualism and American Public Opinion.” American Politics Research 11(1):3–29. doi:10.1177/004478083011001001.
  • Fishbein, Martin and Icek Ajzen. 1980. Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behaviour.
  • Fourcade, Marion and Kieran Healy. 2007. “Moral Views of Market Society.” Annual Review of Sociology 33:285–311. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.33.040406.131642.
  • Frank, Robert H., and Philip J. Cook. 1995. The Winner-take-all Society: Why the Few at the Top Get so Much More than the Rest of Us. New York: Free Press.
  • Frydman, C., and R.E. Saks. 2010. “Executive Compensation: A New View from a Long-term Perspective, 1936–2005.” The Review of Financial Studies 23 (5):2099–138.
  • Frydman, Carola. 2008. Learning from the Past: Trends in Executive Compensation over the Twentieth Century (CESIFO Working Paper No. 2460).
  • Frydman, Carola and Dirk Jenter. 2010. “Ceo Compensation.” Annual Review of Financial Economics 2(1):75–102. doi:10.1146/annurev-financial-120209-133958.
  • Gabaix, Xavier, and Augustin Landier. 2008. Why Has Ceo Pay Increased so Much?” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 123 (1):49–100.
  • Gallup. 2011. Reference: Gallup News Service Poll: November Wave. Gallup Organization.
  • Graham, Jesse, Jonathan Haidt, and Brian A Nosek. 2009. “Liberals and Conservatives Rely on Different Sets of Moral Foundations.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 96(5):1029. doi:10.1037/a0015141.
  • Hadler, M. 2005. “Why Do People Accept Different Income Ratios? A Multi-level Comparison of Thirty Countries.” Acta Sociologica 48(2):131–54. doi:10.1177/0001699305053768.
  • Haidt, Jonathan and Craig Joseph. 2004. “Intuitive Ethics: How Innately Prepared Intuitions Generate Culturally Variable Virtues.” Daedalus 133(4):55–66. doi:10.1162/0011526042365555.
  • Hair, Joseph F. Jr., Rolph E. Anderson, R.L. Tatham, and William C. Black. 1995. Multivariate Data Analysis. New York, NY: Macmillan.
  • Hall, Brian J. and Jeffrey B. Liebman. 1998. “Are Ceos Really Paid Like Bureaucrats?” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 113(3):653–91. doi:10.1162/003355398555702.
  • Haltiwanger, John, Ron S Jarmin, and Javier Miranda. 2013. “Who Creates Jobs? Small Versus Large Versus Young.” Review of Economics and Statistics 95(2):347–61. doi:10.1162/REST_a_00288.
  • Hegtvedt, Karen and Karen Cook. 2001. “Distributive Justice: Recent Theoretical Developments and Applications.” Pp. 93–132 in Handbook of Justice Research in Law, edited by I. J. Sanders and V. L. Hamilton. New York: Kluwer,
  • Hirschman, Albert O. 1984. “Against Parsimony: Three Easy Ways of Complicating Some Categories of Economic Discourse.” Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 37(8):11–28. doi:10.2307/3823226.
  • Hochschild, Jennifer L. 1981. What’s Fair? Americans’ Attitudes toward Distributive Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Hochschild, Jennifer L. 1996. Facing up to the American Dream: Race, Class, and the Soul of the Nation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Homans, George C. 1974. Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich.
  • Hout, Michael, Asaf Levanon, and Erin Cumberworth. 2011. “Job Loss and Unemployment.” In The Great Recession, edited by D.B. Grusky, B. Western, and C.T. Wimer, 59–81. New York: Russell Sage Found.
  • Huber, Joan and William Humbert Form. 1973. Income and Ideology: An Analysis of the American Political Formula. New York: Free Press.
  • Jasso, Guillermina and Eva M. Meyersson Milgrom. 2008. “Distributive Justice and Ceo Compensation.” Acta Sociologica 51(2):123–43. doi:10.1177/0001699308090039.
  • Jensen, Michael, Kevin Murphy, and Eric Wruck. 2004. Remuneration: Where We’ve Been, How We Got to Here, What are the Problems, and How to Fix Them (Working Paper). Harvard University.
  • Joe, J.R., H. Louis, and D. Robinson. 2009. “Managers’ and Investors’ Responses to Media Exposure of Board Ineffectiveness.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 44(3):579–605. doi:10.1017/S0022109009990044.
  • Jost, John T, Brian A Nosek, and Samuel D Gosling. 2008. “Ideology: Its Resurgence in Social, Personality, and Political Psychology.” Perspectives on Psychological Science 3(2):126–36. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00070.x.
  • Jost, John T, Jack Glaser, Arie W Kruglanski, and Frank J Sulloway. 2003. “Political Conservatism as Motivated Social Cognition.” Psychological Bulletin 129(3):339–75. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.339.
  • Kaplan, Steven N. 2008. “Are U.S. Ceos Overpaid?.” The Academy of Management Perspectives 22(2):5–20.
  • Kaplan, Steven N., and Joshua Rauh. 2010. “Wall Street and Main Street: What Contributes to the Rise in the Highest Incomes?.” Review of Financial Studies 23(3):1004–50.
  • Kennedy, Peter. 1992. A Guide to Econometrics. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Kiatpongsan, Sorapop and Michael I. Norton. 2014. “How Much (More) Should Ceos Make? A Universal Desire for More Equal Pay.” Perspectives on Psychological Science 9:587–93. doi:10.1177/1745691614549773.
  • Kluegel, James R. and Eliot R. Smith. 1986. Beliefs about Inequality: Americans’ Views of What Is and What Ought to Be. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.
  • Kroft, Kory, Fabian Lange, Matthew J Notowidigdo, and Lawrence F Katz. 2016. “Long-Term Unemployment and the Great Recession: The Role of Composition, Duration Dependence, and Nonparticipation.” Journal of Labor Economics 34(S1):S7–S54. doi:10.1086/682390.
  • Kuhnen, Camelia M. and Alexandra Niessen. 2012. “Public Opinion and Executive Compensation.” Management Science 58(7):1249–72. doi:10.1287/mnsc.1110.1490.
  • Ladd, Everett Carll and Karlyn H. Bowman. 1998. Attitudes toward Economic Inequality. Washington, DC: Aei Press.
  • Lane, Robert E. 1986. “Market Justice, Political Justice.” The American Political Science Review 80:383–402. doi:10.2307/1958264.
  • Langman, L. 2013. “Occupy: A New New Social Movement.” Current Sociology 61(4):510–24. doi:10.1177/0011392113479749.
  • Larcker, David F, Nicholas E Donatiello, and Brian Tayan. 2016. Americans and Ceo Pay: 2016 Public Perception Survey on Ceo Compensation. CGRI Survey Series. Corporate Governance Research Initiative.
  • Leung, Kwok and Hun-Joon Park. 1986. “Effects of Interactional Goal on Choice of Allocation Rule: A Cross-National Study.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 37(1):111–20. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(86)90047-6.
  • Leventhal, Gerald S. 1976. “The Distribution of Rewards and Resources in Groups and Organizations.” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 9:91–131.
  • Mankiw, N. Gregory. 2010. “Spreading the Wealth Around: Reflections Inspired by Joe the Plumber.” Eastern Economic Journal 36(3):285–98.
  • Mansbridge, Jane J. 1990. Beyond Self-Interest. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Marquaridt, Donald W. 1970. “Generalized Inverses, Ridge Regression, Biased Linear Estimation, and Nonlinear Estimation.” Technometrics 12(3):591–612.
  • Mas, Alexandre. 2014. Does Transparency Lead to Pay Compression? (NBER Working Paper).
  • Medeiros, Marcelo and Pedro HG Ferreira de Souza. 2015. “The Rich, the Affluent and the Top Incomes.” Current Sociology 63(6):869–95. doi:10.1177/0011392114551651.
  • Messick, David M. and Karen S. Cook. 1983. Equity Theory: Psychological and Sociological Perspectives. New York: Praeger.
  • Miller, David. 1992. “Distributive Justice: What the People Think.” Ethics 102(3):555–93. doi:10.1086/293425.
  • Miller, David. 1999. Principles of Social Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Mitchell, Gregory, Philip E. Tetlock, Barbara A. Mellers, and Lisa D. Ordonez. 1993. “Judgments of Social Justice: Compromises between Equality and Efficiency.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65(4):629. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.4.629.
  • Mutz, Diana.C. 2011. Population-based Survey Experiments. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Neter, John, William Wasserman, and Michael H. Kutner. 1989. Applied Linear Regression Models. Homewood, IL: Irwin.
  • Osberg, Lars and Timothy Smeeding. 2006. “‘Fair’ Inequality? Attitudes toward Pay Differentials: The United States in Comparative Perspective.” American Sociological Review 71(3):450–73. doi:10.1177/000312240607100305.
  • Pew Research Center. 2016. Campaign: Strong Interest, Widespread Dissatisfaction. July 7 (https://www.people-press.org/2016/07/07/2016-campaign-strong-interest-widespread-dissatisfaction/).
  • Piketty, T., and E. Saez. 2006. “The Evolution of Top Incomes: A Historical and International Perspective.” American Economic Review 96(2):200–05.
  • Piketty, T., E. Saez, and S. Stantcheva. 2014. “Optimal Taxation of Top Labor Incomes: A Tale of Three Elasticities.” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 6(1):230–71.
  • Piketty, Thomas. 2014. Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press.
  • Prentice, Deborah A. and Faye Crosby. 1987. “The Importance of Context for Assessing Deservingness.” Pp. 165–82 in Social Comparison, Social Justice, and Relative Deprivation: Theoretical, Empirical, and Policy Perspectives, edited by J. C. Masters and W. P. Smith. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum,
  • Quaranta, Mario. 2016. “Protesting in ‘Hard Times’: Evidence from a Comparative Analysis of Europe, 2000–2014.” Current Sociology 64(5):736–56. doi:10.1177/0011392115602937.
  • Reich, Robert B. 2012. Beyond Outrage: What Has Gone Wrong with Our Economy and Our Democracy, and How to Fix It. New York: Vintage Books.
  • Rivers, Douglas. 2007. “Sampling for Web Surveys.” Joint Statistical Meetings. Salt Lake City, UT.
  • Rivers, Douglas and Delia Bailey. 2009. “Inference from Matched Samples in the 2008 U.S. National Elections.” Pp. 627–39 Proceedings of the Joint Statistical Meetings, Palo Alto, CA.
  • Rogerson, Peter. 2001. Statistical Methods for Geography. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Sandberg, Sheryl. 2013. Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead. New York: Random House.
  • Sayer, Andrew. 2005. The Moral Significance of Class. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Schlozman, Kay Lehman and Sidney Verba. 1979. Injury to Insult: Unemployment, Class, and Political Response. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Scott, John T., Richard E. Matland, Philip A. Michelbach, and Brian H. Bornstein. 2001. “Just Deserts: An Experimental Study of Distributive Justice Norms.” American Journal of Political Science 45:749–67. doi:10.2307/2669322.
  • Skitka, Linda J., Christopher W. Bauman, and Elizabeth Mullen. 2008. “Morality and Justice: An Expanded Theoretical Perspective and Empirical Review.” Pp. 1–27 in Justice Advances in Group Processes, Vol. 25, edited by K. A. Hegtvedt and J. Clay-Warner. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
  • Stiglitz, Joseph E. 2012. The Price of Inequality: How Today’s Divided Society Endangers Our Future. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
  • Stolberg, Sheryl Gay and Stephen Labaton. 2009. Obama Calls Wall Street Bonuses ‘Shameful’. International New York Times.
  • Svallfors, S. 2006. The Moral Economy of Class: Class and Attitudes in Comparative Perspective. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Svallfors, Stefan. 2007. “Class and Attitudes to Market Inequality.” in The Political Sociology of the Welfare State, edited by S. Svallfors. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Thompson, E. P. 1971. “The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century.” Past & Present 50:76–136. doi:10.1093/past/50.1.76.
  • Tourangeau, Roger, Lance J Rips, and Kenneth Rasinski. 2000. The Psychology of Survey Response. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2012. Bls Spotlight on Statistics: The Recession of 2007-2009 (https://www.bls.gov/spotlight/2012/recession/pdf/recession_bls_spotlight.pdf).
  • U.S. Department of Labor. 2016. Occupational Employment Statistics: Occupational Employment and Wages 11-1011 Chief Executives Congress (https://www.bls.gov/oes/home.htm).
  • Vavreck, Lynn and Shanto Iyengar. 2013. “Online Panels and Experimentation.” Pp. 156–68 in The Oxford Handbook of American Public Opinion and the Media, edited by R. Y. Shapiro and L. R. Jacobs. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Verba, Sidney and Gary R. Orren. 1985. Equality in America: The View from the Top. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Walster, Elaine, G., William Walster, and Ellen Berscheid. 1978. Equity: Theory and Research. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Wolfers, Justin. 2015. “Fewer Women Run Big Companies Than Men Named John.” The New York Times, 2.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.