References
- Abichahine, Hayfa and Gerry Veenstra. 2017. “Inter-categorical Intersectionality and Leisure-based Physical Activity in Canada.” Health Promotion International 32(4):691–701. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daw009.
- Ahmed, Farah, Anuroop K. Jhajj, Donna E. Stewart, Madeline Burghardt, and Arlene S. Bierman. 2014. “Single Item Measures of Self-rated Mental Health: A Scoping Review.” BMC Health Services Research 14 (1):398. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-14-398.
- Anderson, Scott, Cheryl Currie, Jennifer Copeland, and Gerlinde Metz. 2016. “Community Belonging and Sedentary Behaviour among First Nations Adults in Canada: The Moderating Role of Income.” American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research 23(5):1–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.5820/aian.2305.2016.1.
- Anderson, Scott, Jennifer Copeland, and Cheryl Currie. 2017. “Community Belonging and Sedentary Behaviour among Métis Canadians: A Gendered Analysis.” International Journal of Indigenous Health 12(2):3–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.18357/ijih122201717781.
- Axelsson Fisk, Sten, Shai Mulinari, Maria Wemrell, George Leckie, Raquel P. Vincente, and Juan Merlo. 2018. “Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Sweden: An Intersectional Multilevel Analysis of Individual Heterogeneity and Discriminatory Accuracy.” Social Science & Medicine: Population Health 4:334–46.
- Bauer, Greta. 2014. “Incorporating Intersectionality Theory into Population Health Research Methodology: Challenges and the Potential to Advance Health Equity.” Social Science & Medicine 110:10–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.03.022.
- Bauer, Greta, Xuchen Zong, Ayden I. Scheim, Rebecca Hammond, and Amardeep Thind. 2015. “Factors Impacting Transgender Patients’ Discomfort with Their Family Physicians: A Respondent-driven Sampling Survey.” PLOS One 10(12):e0145046. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0145046.
- Bowleg, Lisa. 2008. “When Black + Lesbian + Woman ≠ Black Lesbian Woman: The Methodological Challenges of Qualitative and Quantitative Intersectionality Research.” Sex Roles 59(5–6):312–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-008-9400-z.
- Bowleg, Lisa. 2012. “The Problem with the Phrase Women and Minorities: Intersectionality—an Important Theoretical Framework for Public Health.” American Journal of Public Health 102(7):1267–73. doi:https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300750.
- Bryant, Toba, Dennis Raphael, Ted Schrecker, and Ronald Labonte. 2011. “Canada: A Land of Missed Opportunities for Addressing the Social Determinants of Health.” Health Policy 101(1):44–58. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.08.022.
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research. 2018. “How to Integrate Sex and Gender into Research.” Retrieved March 31, 2019 (http://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/50836.html).
- Carle, Adam. 2009. “Fitting Multilevel Models in Complex Survey Data with Design Weights: Recommendations.” BMC Medical Research Methodology 9(1):49. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-9-49.
- Chandola, Tarani and Crispin Jenkinson. 2000. “Validating Self-rated Health in Different Ethnic Groups.” Ethnicity & Health 5(2):151–59. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/713667451.
- Coburn, David, Keith Denny, Eric Mykhalovskiy, Peggy McDonough, Ann Robertson, and Rhonda Love. 2003. “Population Health in Canada: A Brief Critique.” American Journal of Public Health 93(3):392–96. doi:https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.93.3.392.
- Crenshaw, Kimberlé. 1989. “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Anti-racist Politics.” University of Chicago Legal Forum 1989 (1):139–67.
- De Maio, Fernando and Edgar Kemp. 2010. “The Deterioration of Health Status among Immigrants to Canada.” Global Public Health 5(5):462–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17441690902942480.
- DeSalvo, Karen, Nicole Bloser, Kristi Reynolds, Jiang He, and Paul Muntner. 2006. “Mortality Prediction with a Single General Self-rated Health Question.” Journal of General Internal Medicine 21(3):267–75. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.00291.x.
- Evans, Clare. 2019. “Adding Interactions to Models of Intersectional Health Inequalities: Comparing Multilevel and Conventional Methods.” Social Science & Medicine 221:95–105. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.11.036.
- Evans, Clare, David Williams, Jukka-Pekka Onnela, and S.V. Subramanian. 2018. “A Multilevel Approach to Modelling Health Inequalities at the Intersection of Multiple Social Identities.” Social Science & Medicine 203:64–73. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.11.011.
- Evans, Clare, George Leckie, and Juan Merlo. 2020. “Multilevel versus Single-level Regression for the Analysis of Multilevel Information: The Case of Quantitative Intersectional Analysis.” Social Science & Medicine 245:112499. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112499.
- Frohlich, Katherine, Nancy Ross, and Chantelle Richmond. 2006. “Health Disparities in Canada Today: Some Evidence and a Theoretical Framework.” Health Policy 79(2–3):132–43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2005.12.010.
- Gagné, Thierry and Gerry Veenstra. 2017. “Inequalities in Hypertension and Diabetes in Canada: Intersections between Racial Identity, Gender, and Income.” Ethnicity & Disease 27(4):371–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.18865/ed.27.4.371.
- Golden, Shelley and Jo Anne Earp. 2012. “Social Ecological Approaches to Individuals and Their Contexts: Twenty Years of Health Education & Behavior Health Promotion. Interventions.” Health Education & Behavior 39(3):364–72. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198111418634.
- Golden, Shelley, Kenneth McLeroy, Lawrence Green, Jo Anne Earp, and Lisa Lieberman. 2015. “Upending the Social Ecological Model to Guide Health Promotion Efforts toward Policy and Environmental Change.” Health Education & Behavior 42(IS):8S–14S. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198115575098.
- Goldstein, Harvey, William Browne, and Jon Rasbash. 2002. “Partitioning Variation in Multilevel Models.” Understanding Statistics 1(4):223–31. doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328031US0104_02.
- Gorman, Thomas. 2017. Growing up Working Class: Hidden Injuries and the Development of Angry White Men and Women. Queens, NY: Palgrave MacMillan.
- Government of Canada. 2019. “Indian Residential Schools.” Retrieved June 13, 2020 (https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1100100015576/1571581687074#sect1).
- Hajizadeh, Mohammad, Amy Bombay, and Yukiko Asada. 2019. “Socioeconomic Inequalities in Psychological Distress and Suicidal Behaviours among Indigenous Peoples Living Off-reserve in Canada.” Canadian Medical Association Journal 191(12):E325–E336. doi:https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.181374.
- Halseth, Regine. 2013. Aboriginal Women in Canada: Gender, Socio-economic Determinants of Health, and Initiatives to Close the Wellness-gap. Prince George, British Columba: National Collaborating Centre for Aboriginal Health.
- Hamdullahpur, Kevin, Kaha Jacobs, and Kathryn Gill. 2017. “A Comparison of Socioeconomic Status and Mental Health among Inner-city Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Women.” International Journal of Circumpolar Health 76(1):1340693. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/22423982.2017.1340693.
- Hankivsky, Olena and Ashlee Christoffersen. 2008. “Intersectionality and the Determinants of Health: A Canadian Perspective.” Critical Public Health 18(3):271–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09581590802294296.
- Huisman, Martijn, Frank Van Lenthe, and Johan Mackenbach. 2008. “Author’s Reply.” International Journal of Epidemiology 37(6):1437–38. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyn206.
- Kant, Shashi, Ilan Vertinsky, Bin Zheng, and Peggy Smith. 2013. “Social, Cultural, and Land Use Determinants of the Health and Well-being of Aboriginal Peoples of Canada: A Path Analysis.” Journal of Public Health Policy 34(3):462–76. doi:https://doi.org/10.1057/jphp.2013.27.
- Kim, Il-Ho, Christine Carrasco, Carles Muntaner, Kwame McKenzie, and Samuel Noh. 2013. “Ethnicity and Post-migration Health Trajectory in New Immigrants to Canada.” American Journal of Public Health 103(4):e96–e104. doi:https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301185.
- Kimmel, Michael. 2017. Angry White Men: American Masculinity at the End of an Era. New York, NY: Nation Books.
- Kirmayer, Laurence, Caroline Tait, and Cori Simpson. 2009. “The Mental Health of Aboriginal Peoples in Canada: Transformations of Identity and Community.” Pp. 3–35 in Health Traditions: The Mental Health of Aboriginal Peoples in Canada, edited by Laurence Kirmayer and Gail Valaskakis. Vancouver, Canada: UBC Press,
- Kirmayer, Laurence, Stéphane Dandeneau, Elizabeth Marshall, Morgan Phillips, and Karla Williamson. 2011. “Rethinking Resilience From Indigenous Perspectives.” The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 56(2):84–91. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371105600203.
- Kobayashi, Karen and Steven Prus. 2012. “Examining the Gender, Ethnicity, and Age Dimensions of the Healthy Immigrant Effect: Factors in the Development of Equitable Health Policy.” International Journal for Equity in Health 11(1):8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-11-8.
- Lalonde, Christopher. 2006. “Identity Formation and Cultural Resilience in Aboriginal Communities.” Pp. 52–71 in Promoting Resilience in Child Welfare, edited by Robert Flynn, Peter Dudding, and James Barber. Ottawa, Canada: University of Ottawa Press,
- Lavallee, Lynn and Jennifer Poole. 2010. “Beyond Recovery: Colonization, Health and Healing for Indigenous People in Canada.” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 8(2):271–81. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-009-9239-8.
- Lebrun, Lydie and Thomas LaVeist. 2013. “Health Status among Black Canadians: Results from a National Survey.” Canadian Ethnic Studies 45(1–2):143–55. doi:https://doi.org/10.1353/ces.2013.0016.
- Levinson, Daphna and Giora Kaplan. 2014. “What Does Self Rated Mental Health Represent?” Journal of Public Health Research 3(3):122–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2014.287.
- Liu, Richard, Lawrence So, Sailesh Mohan, Nadia Khan, Kathryn King, and Hude Quan. 2010. “Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Ethnic Populations within Canada: Results from National Cross-sectional Surveys.” Open Medicine 4(3):e143–e153.
- McCall, Leslie. 2005. “The Complexity of Intersectionality.” Signs 30(3):1771–800. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/426800.
- Mood, Carina. 2010. “Logistic Regression: Why We Cannot Do What We Think We Can Do, and What We Can Do about It.” European Sociological Review 26(1):67–82. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcp006.
- Morse, Bradford. 2014. “Tsilhqot’In Canadian Aboriginal Title Landmark Decision - A Game Changer?” Live Encounters September 2014. Retrieved June 13, 2020 (https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2501149).
- National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation. n.d. “National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation.” Retrieved June 13, 2020 (https://nctr.ca/map.php).
- National Collaborating Centre for Aboriginal Health. 2012. The State of Knowledge of Aboriginal Health: A Review of Aboriginal Public Health in Canada. Prince George, British Columbia: National Collaborating Centre for Aboriginal Health.
- National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls. n.d. “National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls.” Retrieved June 13, 2020 (https://www.mmiwg-ffada.ca/mandate).
- National Institutes of Health. 2019. “NIH’s Commitment.” Retrieved September 5, 2019 (https://www.edi.nih.gov/more/agency/nihs-commitment).
- Newbold, Bruce and Marie McKeary. 2017. “Investigating the Diversity of Canada’s Refugee Population and Its Health Implications: Does One Size Fit All?” International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 13(2):145–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMHSC-02-2015-0007.
- Omariba, D and Walter Rasugu. 2015. “Immigration, Ethnicity, and Avoidable Mortality in Canada, 1991-2006.” Ethnicity & Health 20(4):409–36. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2014.995155.
- Richmond, Chantelle and Nancy Ross. 2009. “The Determinants of First Nation and Inuit Health: A Critical Population Health Approach.” Health & Place 15(2):403–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2008.07.004.
- Ridgeway, Cecilia. 2011. Framed by Gender: How Gender Inequality Persists in the Modern World. Oxford, UK: Oxford Scholarship Online.
- Scott, Long, J. and Sarah Mustillo. 2018. “Using Predictions and Marginal Effects to Compare Groups in Regression Models for Binary Outcomes.” Sociological Methods & Research 1–37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124118799374.
- Statistics Canada. 2016. “Canadian Community Health Survey – Annual Component.” Retrieved May 23, 2020 (https://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&Id=259374).
- Statistics Canada. 2017a. “2016 Census Topic: Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity.” Retrieved January 5, 2019 (https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/rt-td/imm-eng.cfm).
- Statistics Canada. 2017b. “Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables.” Retrieved January 5, 2019 (https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=41&Geo=00&SP=1&vismin=1&age=1&sex=1).
- Statistics Canada. 2017c. “Age Categories, Life Cycle Groupings.” Retrieved June 01, 2019 (https://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/concepts/definitions/age2).
- Statistics Canada. 2017d. “Annual Income Estimates for Census Families and Individuals (T1 Family File): Detailed Information for 2015.” Retrieved May 23, 2020 (https://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&Id=380717).
- Statistics Canada. 2017e. Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) Annual Component: User Guide 2016 Microdata File. Ottawa, Ontario: Health Statistics Division, Statistics Canada.
- Statistics Canada. 2018. “Annual Income Estimates for Census Families and Individuals (T1 Family File): Detailed Information for 2016.” Retrieved May 23, 2020 (https://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&Id=795956).
- Statistics Canada. 2019a. Canadian Community Health Survey, 2015-2016: Annual Component Study Documentation. Ottawa, Ontario: Health Statistics Division, Statistics Canada.
- Statistics Canada. 2019b. Canadian Community Health Survey. Annual Component, PUMF, 2015-2016. Derived Variable Specifications. Ottawa, Ontario: Health Statistics Division, Statistics Canada.
- Status of Women. 2018. “Gender Based Analysis Plus (GBA+).” Retrieved March 31, 2019 (https://cfc-swc.gc.ca/gba-acs/index-en.html).
- Subramanian, S V and Karen Ertel. 2009. “Author’s Response: Self-rated Health May Be Adequate for Broad Assessments of Social Inequalities in Health.” International Journal of Epidemiology 38(1):319–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyn241.
- Vang, Zoua, Jennifer Sigouin, Astrid Flenon, and Alain Gagnon. 2017. “Are Immigrants Healthier than Native-born Canadians? A Systematic Review of the Healthy Immigrant Effect in Canada.” Ethnicity & Health 22(3):209–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2016.1246518.
- Veenstra, Gerry. 2011. “Race, Gender, Class, and Sexual Orientation: Intersecting Axes of Inequality and Self-Rated Health in Canada.” International Journal for Equity in Health 10(1):3. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-10-3.
- Veenstra, Gerry. 2013. “Race, Gender, Class, Sexuality (RGCS) and Hypertension.” Social Science & Medicine 89:16–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.04.014.
- Veenstra, Gerry and Andrew Patterson. 2016. “South Asian-White Health Inequalities in Canada: Intersections with Gender and Immigrant Status.” Ethnicity & Health 21(6):639–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2016.1179725.
- Veenstra, Gerry and Adam Vanzella-Yang. 2020. “Does Household Income Mediate the Association Between Education and Health in Canada?” Scandinavian Journal of Public Health May 2020. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494820917534.
- World Health Organization. 2019. “Equity.” Retrieved September 5, 2019 (https://www.who.int/gender-equity-rights/understanding/equity-definition/en/).