Assessing the Anti-Globalization Movement: Protest Against the WTO, IMF, and World Bank in Cross-National Perspective

References

• Abouharb, M. Rodwan and David L. Cingranelli. 2006. “The Human Right Effects of World Bank Structural Adjustment, 1981–2000.” International Studies Quarterly 50(2): 233–62. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2478.2006.00401.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almeida, Paul. 2007. “Defensive Mobilization: Popular Movements Against Economic Adjustment Policies in Latin America.” Latin American Perspectives 34(3): 123–39. doi: 10.1177/0094582X07300942.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almeida, Paul. 2014. Mobilizing Democracy: Globalization and Citizen Protest. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Almeida, Paul. 2018. “The Role of Threat in Collective Action.” Ch. 2 in Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, 2nd ed., edited by David A. Snow, Sarah A. Soule, Hanspeter Kriesi, and Holly J. McCammon.
   Google Scholar
• Almeida, Paul and Chris Chase-Dunn. 2018. “Globalization and Social Movements.” Annual Review of Sociology 44(1): 189–211. doi: 10.1146/annurev-soc-073117-041307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almeida, Paul and Mark Lichbach. 2003. “To the Internet, from the Internet: Comparative Media Coverage of Transnational Protests.” Mobilization 8(3): 249–72. doi: 10.17813/maiq.8.3.9044l650652801xl.
   Google Scholar
• Almeida, Paul and Amalia Pérez Martín. 2022. Collective Resistance to Neoliberalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Amenta, Edwin. 2006. When Movements Matter: The Townsend Plan and the Rise of Social Security. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Autor, David, David Dorn, Gordon Hanson, and Kaveh Majlesi. 2020. “Importing Political Polarization? The Electoral Consequences of Rising Trade Exposure.” The American Economic Review 110(10): 3139–83. doi: 10.1257/aer.20170011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayers, Jeffrey M. 2004. “Framing Collective Action Against Neoliberalism: The Case of the Anti-Globalization Movement.” Journal of World-Systems Research 10(1): 11–34. doi: 10.5195/jwsr.2004.311.
   Google Scholar
• Azedi, Arman. forthcoming. “Does Job Insecurity Motivate Protest Participation? A Multilevel Analysis of Working-Age People from 18 Developed Countries.” Sociological Perspectives.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babb, Sarah. 2005. “The Social Consequences of Structural Adjustment: Recent Evidence and Current Debates.” Annual Review of Sociology 31: 199–222.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baiocchi, Gianpaolo. 2005. “The Workers’ Party and the World Social Forum: Challenges of Building a Just Social Order.” Pp. 83–94 in Transforming Globalization: Challenges and Opportunities in the Post-9/11 Era, edited by Bruce Podobnik and Thomas Reifer. Boston: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Bédoyan, Isabelle, Peter Aelst, and Stefaan Walgrave. 2004. “Limitations and Possibilities of Transnational Mobilization: The Case of EU Summit Protesters in Brussels, 2001.” Mobilization 9(1): 39–54. doi: 10.17813/maiq.9.1.d599r28j75356jp1.
   Google Scholar
• Benford, Robert D. and David A. Snow. 2000. “Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment.” Annual Review of Sociology 26(1): 611–39. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.611.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergstrand, Kelly. 2014. “The Mobilizing Power of Grievances: Applying Loss Aversion and Omission Bias to Social Movements.” Mobilization 19(2): 123–42. doi: 10.17813/maiq.19.2.247753433p8k6643.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biggs, Michael. 2016. “Size Matters: Quantifying Protest by Counting Participants.” Sociological Methods & Research 47(3): 351–83. doi: 10.1177/0049124116629166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boschee, Elizabeth, Jennifer Lauteschlager, Sean O’Brien, Steve Shellman, James Starz, and Michael Ward. 2015. “ICEWS Coded Event Data.” doi: 10.7910/DVN/28075.
   Google Scholar
• Boyle, Elizabeth. 2002. Female Genital Cutting: Cultural Conflict in the Global Community. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brady, Henry E., Sidney Verba, and Kay Lehman Scholzman. 1995. “Beyond SES: A Resource Model of Political Participation.” The American Political Science Review 89(2): 271–94. doi: 10.2307/2082425.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burchell, Brendan. 1993. “A New Way of Analyzing Labour Market Flows Using Work History Data.” Work, Employment and Society 7(2): 237–58. doi: 10.1177/095001709372004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron, J. E. and S. L. Nickerson. 2009. “Predictors of Protest Among Anti-Globalization Demonstrators.” Journal of Applied Social Pscyhology 39(3): 734–61. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00458.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caren, Neal, Sarah Gaby, and Catherine Herrold. 2017. “Economic Breakdown and Collective Action.” Social Problems 64(1): 133–55. doi: 10.1093/socpro/spw030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chesters, Graeme and Ian Welsh. 2004. “Rebel Colours: ‘Framing’ in Global Social Movements.” The Sociological Review 52(3): 314–35. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-954X.2004.00482.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• della Porta, Donatella, ed. 2007. The Global Justice Movement: Cross-National and Transnational Perspectives. New York, NY: Taylor and Francis.
   Google Scholar
• della Porta, Donatella. 2015. Social Movements in Times of Austerity: Bringing Capitalism Back into Protest Analysis. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Dodson, Kyle. 2015. “Globalization and Protest Expansion.” Social Problems 62(1): 15–39. doi: 10.1093/socpro/spu004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodson, Kyle. 2016. “Economic Threat and Protest Behavior in Comparative Perspective.” Sociological Perspectives 59(4): 873–91. doi: 10.1177/0731121415608508.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dreher, Axel. 2006. “Does Globalization Affect Growth? Evidence from a New Index of Globalization.” Applied Economics 38(10): 1091–110. doi: 10.1080/00036840500392078.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dreher, Axel and Martin Gassebner. 2012. “Do IMF and World Bank Programs Induce Government Crises? An Empirical Analysis.” International Organization 66(2): 329–58. doi: 10.1017/S0020818312000094.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Earl, Jennifer, Andrew Martin, John D. McCarthy, and Sarah A. Soule. 2004. “The Use of Newspaper Data in the Study of Collective Action.” Annual Review of Sociology 30(1): 65–80. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.30.012703.110603.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, Erin M., Evan Schofer, and Ann Hironaka. 2020. “Globally Visible Environmental Protest: A Cross-National Analysis, 1970-2010.” Sociological Perspectives 63(5): 786–808. doi: 10.1177/0731121420908899.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, Dana R., Kevin Stanley, David Berman, and Gina Neff. 2005. “How Do Organizations Matter? Mobilization and Support for Participants at Five Globalization Protests.” Social problems 52(1): 102–21. doi: 10.1525/sp.2005.52.1.102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukuyama, Francis. 1992. The End of History and the Last Man. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gallie, Duncan, Michael R. M. White, Yuan Cheng, and Mark Tomlinson. 1998. Restructuring the Employment Relationship. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gerhards, Jürgen and Dieter Rucht. 1992. “Mesomobilization: Organizing and Framing in Two Protest Campaigns in West Germany.” The American Journal of Sociology 98(3): 555–96. doi: 10.1086/230049.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillham, Patrick F., Nathan C. Lindstedt, Bob Edwards, and Erik W. Johnson. 2019. “The Mobilizing Effects of Economic Threats and Resources on the Formation of Local Occupy Wall Street Protest Groups in 2011.” Sociological Perspectives 62(4): 433–54. doi: 10.1177/0731121418817249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, Francis. 2009. “Subjective Employment Insecurity Around the World.” Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 2(3): 343–63. doi: 10.1093/cjres/rsp003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadden, Jennifer and Sidney Tarrow. 2008. “Spillover or Spillout? The Global Justice Movement in the United States After 9/11.” Mobilization 12(4): 359–76. doi: 10.17813/maiq.12.4.t221742122771400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Held, David and Mathias Koenig-Archibugi. 2005. Global Governance and Public Accountability. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Herkenrath, Mark and Alex Knoll. 2011. “Protest Events in International Press Coverage: An Empirical Critique of Cross-National Conflict Databases.” International Journal of Comparative Sociology 52(3): 163–80. doi: 10.1177/0020715211405417.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadivar, Mohammad A. 2017. “Preelection Mobilization and Electoral Outcome in Authoritarian Regimes.” Mobilization: An International Quarterly 22(3): 293–310. doi: 10.17813/1086-671X-22-3-293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keck, M. and K. Sikkink. 1998. Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kern, Anna, Sofie Marien, and Marc Hooghe. 2015. “Economic Crisis and Levels of Political Participation in Europe (2002-2010): The Role of Resources and Grievances.” West European Politics 38(3): 465–90. doi: 10.1080/01402382.2014.993152.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolb, Felix. 2006. “The Impact of Transnational Protest on Social Movement Organizations: Mass Media and the Making of ATTAC Germany.” Pp. 95–120 in Transnational Protest and Global Activism, edited by Sidney Tarrow and Donatella Della Porta. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Kurer, Thomas, Silja Housermann, Bruno Wuest, and Matthias Enggist. 2019. “Economic Grievances and Political Protest.” European Journal of Political Research 58(3): 866–92. doi: 10.1111/1475-6765.12318.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi, Margaret and Gillian H. Murphy. 2006. “Coalitions of Contention: The Case of the WTO Protests in Seattle.” Political Studies 54(4): 651–70. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9248.2006.00629.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockheed Martin. 2022. “Integrated Crisis Early Warning System (ICEWS).” Lockheed Martin. Retrieved November 19, 2022. (https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/capabilities/research-labs/advanced-technology-labs/icews.html).
   Google Scholar
• Massoud, Tansa G., John A. Doces, and Christopher Magee. 2019. “Protests and the Arab Spring: An Empirical Investigation.” Polity 51(3): 429–65. doi: 10.1086/704001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAdam, Doug. 1982. Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930–1970. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy, John D., C. McPhail, and Jackie Smith. 1996. “Images of Protest: Selection Bias in Media Coverage of Washington, D.C. Demonstrations.” American Sociological Review 61(3): 478–99. doi: 10.2307/2096360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy, John D., and Mayer N. Zald. 1977. “Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory.” The American Journal of Sociology 82(6): 1212–41. doi: 10.1086/226464.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, David S. 2004. “Protest and Political Opportunities.” Annual Review of Sociology 30(1): 125–45. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.30.012703.110545.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, David S. and Sidney Tarrow. 1998. The Social Movement Society: Contentious Political for a New Century. Oxford, England: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Mughan, Anthony, Clive Bean, and Ian McAllister. 2003. “Economic Globalization, Job Insecurity, and the Populist Reaction.” Electoral Studies 22(4): 617–33. doi: 10.1016/S0261-3794(02)00047-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, Daniel J. and Beth S. Caniglia. 2004. “All the Rioting That’s Fit to Print: Selection Effects in National Newspaper Coverage of Civil Disorders, 1968-1969.” American Sociological Review 69(4): 519–43. doi: 10.1177/000312240406900403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien, Karen and Robin M. Leichenko. 2008. “Winners and Losers in the Context of Global Change.” Nature and Society 93(1): 89–103. doi: 10.1111/1467-8306.93107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olzak, Susan. 2006. The Global Dynamics of Racial and Ethnic Mobilization. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ortiz, David and Sergio Béjar. 2013. “Participation in IMF-Sponsored Economic Programs and Contentious Collective Action in Latin America, 1980-2007.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 30(5): 492–515. doi: 10.1177/0738894213499677.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban and Diana Beltekian. 2014. “Trade and Globalization.” Our World in Data. Retrieved September 25, 2021. (https://ourworldindata.org/trade-and-globalization).
   Google Scholar
• Ostry, Jonathan D., Prakash Loungani, and Davide Furceri. 2016. “Neoliberalism: Oversold?” Finance & Development June, 38–41.
   Google Scholar
• Peet, Richard. 2003. Unholy Trinity: The IMF, World Bank and WTO. London: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Podobnik, Bruce. 2005. “Resistance to Globalization: Cycles and Trends in the Globalization Protest Movement.” Pp. 51–68 in Transforming Globalization: Challenges and Opportunities in the Post-9/11 Era, edited by Bruce Podobnik and Thomas Reifer. Boston: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Przeworski, Adam and James R. Vreeland. 2000. “The Effects of the IMF on Economic Growth.” Journal of Development Economics 62(2): 384–421. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3878(00)00090-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quaranta, Mario. 2016. “Protesting in ‘Hard Times’: Evidence from a Comparative Analysis of Europe, 2000–2014.” Current Sociology 64(5): 736–56. doi: 10.1177/0011392115602937.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson, Graeme B. and Emmanuel Teitelbaum. 2011. “Foreign Direct Investment, Regime Type, and Labor Protest in Developing Countries.” American Journal of Political Science 55(3): 665–77. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00510.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrik, Dani. 2021. “Why Does Globalization Fuel Populism? Economics, Culture, and Rise of Right-Wing Populism.” Annual Review of Economics 13:133–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudra, Nita. 2008. Globalization and the Race to the Bottom in Developing Countries. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Saval, Nikil. 2017. “Globalisation: The Rise and Fall of an Idea That Swept the World.” The Guardian. Retrieved September 25, 2021. (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/14/globalisation-the-rise-and-fall-of-an-idea-that-swept-the-world).
   Google Scholar
• Schofer, Evan, Francisco Ramriez, and John W. Meyer. 2021. “The Societal Consequences of Higher Education.” Sociology of Education 94(1): 1–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, Jackie. 2001. “Globalizing Resistance: The Battle of Seattle and the Future of Social Movements.” Mobilization 6(1): 1–19. doi: 10.17813/maiq.6.1.y63133434t8vq608.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, Jackie. 2002. “Bridging Global Divides?: Strategic Framing and Solidarity in Transnational Social Movement Organizations.” International Sociology 17(4): 505–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, Jackie. 2008. “Promoting Multilateralism: Social Movements and the UN System.” Pp. 89–107 in Social Movements for Global Democracy, edited by Jackie Smith. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, Jackie. 2020. “Making Other Worlds Possible: The Battle of Seattle in World-Historical Context.” Socialism and Democracy 34(1): 114–37. doi: 10.1080/08854300.2019.1676030.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, Jackie, Scott Byrd, Ellen Reese, and Elizabeth Smythe. 2015. “Introduction: Learning from the World Social Forums.” Pp. 1–10 in Handbook on World Social Forum Activism, edited by Jackie Smith, Scott Byrd, Ellen Reese, and Elizabeth Smythe. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, Jackie, Basak Gemici, Samantha Plummer, and Melanie M. Hughes. 2018. “Transnational Social Movement Organizations and Counter-Hegemonic Struggles Today.” Journal of World-Systems Research 24(2): 372–403. doi: 10.5195/jwsr.2018.850.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, Jackie, John D. McCarthy, Clark McPhail, and Boguslaw Augustyn. 2001. “From Protest to Agenda Building: Description Bias in Media Coverage of Protest Events in Washington, D.C.” Sociology and Criminology 79(4): 1397–423. doi: 10.1353/sof.2001.0053.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, Jackie and Ellen Reese. 2008. “Editor’s Introduction: Special Issue on the World Social Forum Process.” Mobilization 13(4): 349–52. doi: 10.17813/maiq.13.4.r57126g147204524.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, Jackie and Dawn Wiest. 2012. Social Movements in the World-System: The Politics of Crisis and Transformation. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Smythe, Elizabeth. 2015. “Our World is Not for Sale: The World Social Forum Process and Transnational Resistance to International Trade Agreements.” Pp. 166–189 in Handbook on World Social Forum Activism, edited by Jackie Smith, Scott Byrd, Ellen Reese, and Elizabeth Smythe. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Snow, David A. and Robert D. Benford. 1988. “Ideology, Frame Resonance, and Participant Mobilization.” International Social Movement Research 1: 197–218.
   Google Scholar
• Sommer, Henrik. 1996. “From Apartheid to Democracy: Patterns of Violent and Nonviolent Direct Action in South Africa, 1984-1994.” Africa Today 43(1): 53–76.
   Google Scholar
• Stiglitz, Joseph. 2006. Making Globalization Work. New York and London: W.W. Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Stockman, Farah. 2020. “The WTO is Having a Midlife Crisis.” The New York Times. December, 17. Retrieved July 5, 2022. (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/17/opinion/wto-trade-biden.html).
   Google Scholar
• Tarrow, Sidney. 1994. Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action, and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tsutsui, Kiyoteru. 2018. Rights Make Might: Global Human Rights and Minority Social Movements in Japan. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tsutsui, Kiyoteru and Jackie Smith. 2018. “Human Rights and Social Movements: From the Boomerang Pattern to a Sandwich Effect.” in Pp. 586–601 in Wiley Blackwell Companion to Social Movements Editor, 2nd ed, edited by David Snow, Sarah Soule, Hanspeter Kriesi, and Holly J McCammon. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Van Dyke, N. and Soule, S. A. 2002. “Structural Social Change and the Mobilizing Effect of Threat: Explaining Levels of Patriot and Militia Organizing in the United States.” Social Problems 49(4): 497–520. doi: 10.1525/sp.2002.49.4.497.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walton, John and Charles Ragin. 1990. “Global and National Sources of Political Protest: Third World Responses to the Debt Crisis.” American Sociological Review 55(6): 876–90. doi: 10.2307/2095752.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walton, John and David Seddon. 1994. Free Markets and Food Riots: The Politics of Global Adjustment. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, Lesley. 2005a. “Bridging the Chasms: The Case of Peoples’ Global Action.” Pp. 95–120 in Coalitions Across Borders: Transnational Protest and the Neoliberal Order, edited by Joe Bandy and Jackie Smith. Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, Lesley. 2005b. “Taking to the Streets Against Neoliberalism: Global Days of Action and Other Strategies.” Pp. 69–82 in Transforming Globalization: Challenges and Opportunities in the Post-9/11 Era, edited by Bruce Podobnik and Thomas Reifer. Boston: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, Lesley. 2013. “Anti World Bank and Anti IMF Riots.” in The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social and Political Movements, edited by David A. Snow, Donatella Della Porta, Bert Klandermans, and Doug McAdam. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, Lesley. 2014. Direct Action, Deliberation, and Diffusion: Collective Action After the WTO Protests in Seattle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wooldrige, Jeffrey N. 2002. Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data. London, England: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank Open Data. 2021. (http://data.worldbank.org/).
   Google Scholar
• WTO. 2022. “Evolution of Trade Under the WTO: Handy Statistics.” World Trade Organization. Retrieved July 5, 2022. (https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/trade_evolution_e/evolution_trade_wto_e.htm).
   Google Scholar