LG but Not T: Opposition to Transgender Rights Amidst Gay and Lesbian Acceptance

References

• Adamczyk, Amy, and Yen-Chiao Liao. 2019. “Examining Public Opinion About LGBTQ-Related Issues in the United States and Across Multiple Nations.” Annual Review of Sociology 45(1): 401–423. doi: 10.1146/annurev-soc-073018-022332.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed, Sara. 2016. “An Affinity of Hammers.” TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly 3(1–2): 22–34. doi: 10.1215/23289252-3334151.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balsam, Kimberly F., Yamile Molina, Blair Beadnell, Jane Simoni, and Karina Walters. 2011. “Measuring Multiple Minority Stress: The LGBT People of Color Microaggressions Scale.” Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology 17(2): 163–174. doi: 10.1037/a0023244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barth, Jay, Marvin Overby, and Scott H. Huffmon. 2008. “Community Context, Personal Contact, and Support for an Anti-Gay Rights Referendum.” Political Research Quarterly 62(2): 355–365.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumle, Amanda K., M. V. Lee Badgett & Steven Boutcher. 2020. “New Research on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Discrimination: Effect of State Policy on Charges Filed at the EEOC.” Journal of Homosexuality 67(18): 1135–1144. doi: 10.1080/00918369.2019.1603494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blinken, Antony J. 2022. “X Gender Marker Available on U.S. Passports Starting April 11.” U.S. Department of State Press Statement. Retrieved November 11, 2022. (https://www.state.gov/x-gender-marker-available-on-u-s-passports-starting-april-11/).
   Google Scholar
• Bonilla-Silva, E. 2019. “Feeling Race: Theorizing the Racial Economy of Emotions.” American Sociological Review 84(1): 1–25. doi: 10.1177/0003122418816958.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodyn, Adriana. 2019. “Family Feuds: The Relationships Between Legal Changes and Media Framing Concerning the Family.” The Sociological Quarterly 60(4): 606–627. doi: 10.1080/00380253.2018.1530578.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brumbaugh, Stacey M., Laura A. Sanchez, Steven L. Nock, and James D. Wright. 2008. “Attitudes Toward Gay Marriage in States Undergoing Marriage Law Transformation.” Journal of Marriage and Family 70(2): 345–359. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2008.00486.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke, Kelsy and Emily Kazyak. 2019. “A Red-State View of Religious Liberty and Non-Discrimination Protection for LGBT People.” Contexts 18(3): 63–65. doi: 10.1177/1536504219864962.
   Google Scholar
• Castle, Jeremiah. 2019. “New Fronts in the Culture Wars? Religion, Partisanship, and Polarization on Religious Liberty and Transgender Rights in the United States.” American Politics Research 47(3): 650–679. doi: 10.1177/1532673X18818169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochran, Bryan N., Angela J. Stewart, Joshua A. Ginzler, and Ana Mari Cauce. 2002. “Challenges Faced by Homeless Sexual Minorities: Comparison of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Homeless Adolescents with Their Heterosexual Counterparts.” American Journal of Public Health 92(5): 773–777. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.92.5.773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crabtree, Benjamin F. and William L. Miller. 1992. Doing Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Darwin, Helana. 2020. “Challenging the Cisgender/Transgender Binary: Nonbinary People and the Transgender Label.” Gender & Society 34(3): 357–380. doi: 10.1177/0891243220912256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillon, Michele. 2014. “Asynchrony in Attitudes Toward Abortion and Gay Rights: The Challenge to Values Alignment.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 53(1): 1–16. doi: 10.1111/jssr.12096.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doan, Long, Natasha Quadlin, and Brian Powell. 2019. “Americans’ Perceptions of Transgender People’s Sex: Evidence from a National Survey Experiment.” Socius 5: 1–15. doi: 10.1177/2378023119852015.
   Google Scholar
• Flores, Andrew R. 2015. “Attitudes Toward Transgender Rights: Perceived Knowledge and Secondary Interpersonal Contact.” Politics, Groups, and Identities 3(3): 398–416. doi: 10.1080/21565503.2015.1050414.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedom for All Americans. 2022. “Legislative Tracker: Anti-Trans Legislation.” Retrieved May 31, 2022. (https://freedomforallamericans.org/legislative-tracker/anti-transgender-legislation/).
   Google Scholar
• Garretson, Jeremiah J. 2018. The Path to Gay Rights: How Activism and Coming Out Changed Public Opinion. New York: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goodwin, Jeff, James M. Jasper, and Francesca Polletta, eds. 2001. Passionate Politics: Emotions and Social Movements. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gould, Deborah B. 2009. Moving Politics: Emotion and ACT Up’s Fight Against AIDS. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Haider-Markel, Donald P. and Mark R. Joslyn. 2005. “Attributions and the Regulation of Marriage: Considering the Parallels Between Race and Homosexuality.” Political Science & Politics 38(2): 233–239. doi: 10.1017/S1049096505056362.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haidt, J. 2001. “The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment.” Psychological Review 108(4): 814–834. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.108.4.814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmon-Jones, Eddie, and Judson Mills. 2019. “An Introduction to Cognitive Dissonance Theory and an Overview of Current Perspectives on the Theory.” Pp. 3–24 in Cognitive Dissonance: Reexamining a Pivotal Theory in Psychology, 2nd ed., edited by E. Harmon-Jones. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Hillcoat-Nalletamby, Sarah and Judith E. Phillips. 2011. “Sociological Ambivalence Revisited.” Sociology 45(2): 202–217. doi: 10.1177/0038038510394018.
   Google Scholar
• Hill, Daryl B. and Brian L. B. Willoughby. 2005. “The Development and Validation of the Genderism and Transphobia Scale.” Sex Roless 53: 531–544. doi: 10.1007/s11199-005-7140-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hochschild, Arlie. 2016. Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right. New York: The New Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, Robert P., Natalie Jackson, Diana Orcés, Ian Huff, and Maddie Snodgrass. 2022. “Americans’ Support for Key LGBTQ Rights Continues to Tick Upward.” Public Religion Research Institute. Retrieved May 31, 2022. (https://www.prri.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/PRRI-Mar-2022-LGBTQ-AVA.pdf).
   Google Scholar
• Macapagal, Kathryn, Ramona Bhatia, and George J. Greene. 2016. “Differences in Healthcare Access, Use, and Experiences Within a Community Sample of Racially Diverse Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning Emerging Adults.” LGBT Health 3(6): 434–442. doi: 10.1089/lgbt.2015.0124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazyak, Emily, Kelsy Burke, Rosalind Kichler, & Lora McGraw. 2021. “‘Pee in Peace’ or ‘Make Everyone Uncomfortable’: Public Perceptions of Transgender Rights.” Socius 7: 1–16. doi: 10.1177/23780231211055541.
   Google Scholar
• Kazyak, Emily, Kelsy Burke, and Mathew Stange. 2018. “Logics of Freedom: Debating Religious Freedom Laws and Gay and Lesbian Rights.” Socius 4: 1–18. doi: 10.1177/2378023118760413.
   Google Scholar
• King, Mark, Sam Winter, and Beverley Webster. 2009. “Contact Reduces Transprejudice: A Study on Attitudes Towards Transgenderism and Transgender Civil Rights in Hong Kong.” International Journal of Sexual Health 21(1): 17–34. doi: 10.1080/19317610802434609.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langenderfer-Magruder, Lisa, Darren L. Whitfield, N. Eugene Walls, Shanna K. Kattari, and Daniel Ramos. 2016. “Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence and Subsequent Police Reporting Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Adults in Colorado: Comparing Rates of Cisgender and Transgender Victimization.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 31(5): 855–871. doi: 10.1177/0886260514556767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Jess. 2021. “Race, Same-Sex Marriage, and the Politics of Respectability Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Racial Minorities.” The Sociological Quarterly 62(3): 464–487. doi: 10.1080/00380253.2020.1773349.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, Gregory B. 2011. “The Friends and Family Plan: Contact with Gays and Support for Gay Rights.” Policy Studies Journal 39(2): 217–238. doi: 10.1111/j.1541-0072.2011.00405.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, Daniel C., Andrew R. Flores, Donald P. Haider-Markel, Patrick R. Miller, Barry L. Tadlock, and Jami K. Taylor. 2017. “Degrees of Acceptance: Variation in Public Attitudes Toward Segments of the LGBT Community.” Political Research Quarterly 70(4): 861–875. doi: 10.1177/1065912917717352.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipka, Michael. 2016. “Americans are Divided Over Which Public Bathrooms Transgender People Should Use.” Pew Research Center. Retrieved May 31, 2022. (https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/10/03/americans-are-divided-over-which-public-bathrooms-transgender-people-should-use/).
   Google Scholar
• Martin, John Levi. 2010. “Life’s a Beach but You’re an Ant, and Other Unwelcome News for the Sociology of Culture.” Poetics 38(2): 228–243. doi: 10.1016/j.poetic.2009.11.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathers, Lain A. B. 2017. “Bathrooms, Boundaries, and Emotional Burdens: Cisgendering Interactions Through the Interpretation of Transgender Experience.” Symbolic Interaction 40(3): 295–316. doi: 10.1002/symb.295.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy, Justin. 2021. “Mixed Views Among Americans on Transgender Issues.” Gallup, May 26. Retrieved May 31, 2022. (https://news.gallup.com/poll/350174/mixed-views-among-americans-transgender-issues.aspx).
   Google Scholar
• Merton, Robert K. and Elinor Barber. 1976. Sociological Ambivalence. New York, NY: Macmillan Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Michelson, Melissa R. and Brian F. Harrison. 2020. Transforming Prejudice: Identity, Fear, and Transgender Rights. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, Patrick R., Andrew R. Flores, Donald P. Haider-Markel, Daniel C. Lewis, Barry L. Tadlock, and Jami K. Taylor. 2017. “Transgender Politics as Body Politics: Effects of Disgust Sensitivity and Authoritarianism on Transgender Rights Attitudes.” Politics, Groups, and Identities 5(1): 4–24. doi: 10.1080/21565503.2016.1260482.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon, Dawne, Theresa W. Tobin, and J. E. Sumerau. 2019. “Alpha, Omega, and the Letters in Between: LGBTQI Conservative Christians Undoing Gender.” Gender & Society 33(4): 583–606.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson, Laura R., Wendy Cadge, and James T. Harrison. 2006. “Religion and Public Opinion About Same-Sex Marriage.” Social Science Quarterly 87(2): 340–360. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6237.2006.00384.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearl, Marcia L. and M. Paz Galupo. 2007. “Development and Validation of the Attitudes Toward Same-Sex Marriage Scale.” Journal of Homosexuality 53(3): 117–134. doi: 10.1300/J082v53n03_07.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. 2014. “Religious Landscape Study.” Pew Research. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center. Retrieved January 1, 2022. (http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/#geography).
   Google Scholar
• Poteat, V. Paul and Ethan H. Mereish. 2012. “(Dis)similarity Between Liberals and Conservatives: Predicting Variability in Group Differences on Abortion and Same-Sex Marriage Rights Attitudes.” Basic and Applied Social Psychology 34(1): 56–65. doi: 10.1080/01973533.2011.637852.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PRRI. 2022. “Challenges in Moving Toward a More Inclusive Democracy: Findings from the 2022 American Values Survey.” Retrieved November 11, 2022. (https://www.prri.org/research/challenges-in-moving-toward-a-more-inclusive-democracy-findings-from-the-2022-american-values-survey/).
   Google Scholar
• Pugh, Allison J. 2013. “What Good are Interviews for Thinking About Culture? Demystifying Interpretive Analysis.” American Journal of Cultural Sociology 1(1): 42–68. doi: 10.1057/ajcs.2012.4.
   Google Scholar
• Reuters. 2019. “Nonbiary? Intersex? 11 U.S. States Issuing Third Gender IDs.” Retrieved November 11, 2022. (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-us-lgbt-lawmaking/nonbinary-intersex-11-u-s-states-issuing-third-gender-ids-idUSKCN1PP2N7).
   Google Scholar
• Ridgeway, Cecilia L. and Tamar Kricheli-Katz. 2013. “Intersecting Cultural Beliefs in Social Relations: Gender, Race, and Class Binds and Freedoms.” Gender & Society 27(3): 294–318. doi: 10.1177/0891243213479445.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld, Michael J. 2017. “Moving a Mountain: The Extraordinary Trajectory of Same-Sex Marriage Approval in the United States.” Socius 3: 1–22. doi: 10.1177/2378023117727658.
   Google Scholar
• Sargent, Jessica M., and Jeremy N. Thomas. 2021. “Friendship versus Faith: How Latter-Day Saint College Students Manage the Conflicts Between Their Beliefs About Homosexuality and Their Friendships with Gay and Lesbian Persons.” The Sociological Quarterly 62(2): 305–322. doi: 10.1080/00380253.2020.1756521.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnabel, Landon, and Eric Sevell. 2017. “Should Mary and Jane Be Legal? Americans’ Attitudes Toward Marijuana and Same-Sex Marriage Legalization, 1988–2014.” Public Opinion Quarterly 81(1): 157–172. doi: 10.1093/poq/nfw050.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherkat, Darren E., Kylan Mattias de Vries, and Stacia Creek. 2010. “Race, Religion, and Opposition to Same-Sex Marriage.” Social science quarterly 91(1): 80–98. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6237.2010.00682.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stange, Mathew and Emily Kazyak. 2016. “Examining the Nuance in Public Opinion of Pro-LGB Policies in a “Red State.” Sexuality Research & Social Policy 13(2): 142–157. doi: 10.1007/s13178-015-0213-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone, Amy L. 2016. “The Impact of Anti-Gay Politics on the LGBTQ Movement.” Sociology Compass 10(6): 459–467. doi: 10.1111/soc4.12373.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, Jami K., Donald P. Haider-Markel, and Daniel C. Lewis. 2018. The Remarkable Rise of Transgender Rights. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vaisey, Stephen. 2009. “Motivation and Justification: A Dual–process Model of Culture in Action.” The American Journal of Sociology 114(6): 1675–1715. doi: 10.1086/597179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westbrook, Laurel and Kristen Schilt. 2014. “Doing Gender, Determining Gender: Transgender People, Gender Panics, and the Maintenance of the Sex/Gender/Sexuality System.” Gender & Society 28(1): 32–57. doi: 10.1177/0891243213503203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westbrook, Laurel and Kristen Schilt. 2016. “Penis Panics: Biological Maleness, Social Masculinity, and the Matrix of Perceived Sexual Threat.” Pp. 382–393 in Exploring Masculinities: Identity, Inequality, Continuity, and Change, edited by C. J. Pascoe, Bridges, T. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Whitehead, Andrew L. 2010. “Sacred Rites and Civil Rights: Religion’s Effect on Attitudes Toward Same-Sex Unions and the Perceived Cause of Homosexuality.” Social Science Quarterly 91(1): 63–79. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6237.2010.00681.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodford, Michael R., Jill Chonody, Kristin S. Scherrer, Perry Silverschanz, and Alex Kulick. 2012. “The “Persuadable Middle” on Same-Sex Marriage: Formative Research to Build Support Among Heterosexual College Students.” Sexuality Research and Social Policy 9(1): 1–14. doi: 10.1007/s13178-011-0073-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worthen, Meredith G. F. 2013. “An Argument for Separate Analyses of Attitudes Toward Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual Men, Bisexual Women, MTF and FTM Transgender Individuals.” Sex Roles 68(11): 703–723. doi: 10.1007/s11199-012-0155-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worthen, Meredith G. F. 2020. Queers, Bis, and Straight Lies: An Intersectional Examination of LGBTQ Stigma. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar