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- Hell , C. and Rotnberg , M. 1889 . Chem. Ber. , 22 : 60 Several general methods are reported for the prepara tion of substituted succinic esters. Some of them involve Wurtz condensation of α-bromoesters by means of silver, copper [W. Steinkopf, H. Frömmel, J. Leo, Liebigs Ann. Chem.,546, 203 (1940)] or zinc and magnesium in the presence of copper (II) chloride [C. Fouquey, J. Jacques, Synthesis, 306 (1971)]. Small amounts (20–27%) of meso-diphenyl succinate were detected in the Reformatsky reac tion of benzaldehyde and α-bromomethylphenylacetate in DMSO [B. Kurtev, M. Madlenova, B. Blagoev, C. R. Acad. Sci., (C), 271, 871 (1970)]