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Tutorial

The nature of transport calculations used in radiation oncology

Pages 739-763 | Received 22 Jun 1995, Accepted 21 Mar 1996, Published online: 20 Aug 2006

References

General Radiation Oncology

  • Johns , H. E. and Cunningham , J. R. 1978 . The Physics of Radiology , Springfield, IL : Charles C Thomas .
  • Attix , F. H. 1986 . Introduction to Radiological Physics and Radiation Dosimetry , New York : Wiley-Interscience .
  • Webb , S. 1993 . The Physics of Three-Dimensional Radiation Therapy , Bristol : Institute of Physics .
  • Khan , F. M. 1994 . The Physics of Radiation Therapy, Williams and Wilkins Baltimore
  • Purdy , J. A. and Fraass , B. A. , eds. 1994 . Syllabus: A Categorical Course in Physics. Three-dimensional Radiation Therapy Treatment Plan-ning , Oak Brook, IL : Radiological Society of North America . 2021 Spring Road, Suite 600, 60525

Review Articles

  • Cunningham , J. R. 1989 . Dose Calculations for High Energy Electron and Photon Beams . Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics , 13 : 241
  • Andreo , P. 1991 . Monte Carlo Techniques in Medical Radiation Physics . Phys. Med. BioL , 36 : 861
  • Battista , J. J. and Sharpe , M. B. 1992 . True Three-Dimensional Dose Computations for Megavoltage X-Ray Therapy: A Role for the Superposition Principle . Australasian Physical and Engineering Sciences m Medicine , 15 : 159
  • Luo , Z. M. and Brahme , A. 1993 . An Overview of the Transport Theory of Charged Particles . RadiaL Phys. Chem. , 41 : 673
  • Bloch , P. and Altschuler , M. D. 1995 . “ Three-Dimensional Photon Beam Calculations ” . In MEDICAL RADIOLOGY Radiation Therapy Physics , Edited by: Smith , A. R. Berlin : Springer-Verlag . Ch. 3
  • Jette , D. 1995 . “ Electron-Beam Dose Calculations ” . In MEDICAL RADIOLOGY — Radiation Therapy Physics , Edited by: Smith , A. R. Berlin : Springer-Verlag . Ch. 5
  • Lichter , A. S. and Lawrence , T. S. 1995 . Recent Advances in Radiation Oncology . New England Journal of Medicine , 332 : 371
  • Larsen , E. W. Dose Calculations in Radiation Cancer Therapy — A Primer Proc. ANS Topical Meeting, International Conference on Mathematics and Computations, Reactor Physics, and Environmental Analyses . April 30 — May 4 1995 , Portland, Oregon. Vol. 2 , pp. 821

Monte Carlo Methods

  • Jenkins , T. M. , Nelson , Wit and Rindi , A. , eds. 1988 . Monte Carlo Transport of Electrons and Photons , New York : Plenum Press .
  • Rogers , D. W. O. and Bielajew , A. F. 1990 . “ Monte Carlo Techniques of Electron and Photon Transport for Radiation Dosimetry ” . In The Dosimetry of Ionizing Radiation , Edited by: Kase , K. R. , Bjärngard , B. E. and Attix , F. H. Vol. III , New York : Academic Press . Ch. 5
  • Neuenschwander , H. , Mackie , T. R. and Reckwerdt , P. J. 1995 . MMC — A High-Peformance Mont Carlo Code for Electron Beam Treatment Planning . Phys. Med. BioL , 40 : 543
  • O'Connor , J. E. 1956 . The Variation of Scattered X-Rays with Density in an Irradiated Body . Phys. Med. Biol , 1 : 352
  • Sontag , M. R. and Cunningham , J Jr. 1977 . Corrections to Absorbed Dose Calculations for Tissue Inhomogeneities . Med. Phys. , 4 : 431
  • Sontag , M. R. and Cunningham , J. R. 1978 . The Equivalent Tissue-Air Ratio Method for Making Absorbed Dose Calculations in a Heterogeneous Medium . Radiology , 129 : 787
  • Boyer , A. L. and Mok , E. C. 1985 . A Photon Dose Distribution Model Employing Convolution Calculations . Med. Phys. , 12 : 169
  • Mackie , T. R. , Scrimger , J. W. and Battista , J. J. 1985 . A Convolution Method of Calculating Dose for 15-MV X Rays . Med. Phys. , 12 : 188
  • Mohan , R. , Chui , C. and Lidofsky , L. 1986 . Differential Pencil Beam Dose Computation Model for Photons . Med. Phys. , 13 : 64
  • Boyer , A. L. and Mok , E. C. 1986 . Calculation of Photon Dose Distributions in an Inhomogeneous Medium Using Convolutions . Med. Phys. , 13 : 503
  • Ahnesjö , A. , Andreo , P. and Brahme , A. 1987 . Calculation and Application of Point Spread Functions for Treatment Planning with High Energy Photon Beams . Acta Oncologica , 26 : 49
  • Field , G. C. and Battista , J. J. 1987 . “ Photon Dose Calculations Using Convolution in Real and Fourier Space: Assumptions and Time Estimates ” . In The Use of Computers in Radiation Therapy , Edited by: Bruinvis , I. Elsevier Science Publishers B. V. (North-Holland .
  • Mackie , T. R. , Bielajew , A. F. , Rogers , D. W. O. and Battista , J. J. 1988 . Generation of Photon Energy Deposition Kernels Using the EGS Monte Carlo Code . Phys. Med. Biol. , 33 : 1
  • Ahnesjö , A. 1989 . Collapsed Cone Convolution of Radiant Energy for Photon Dose Calculation in Heterogeneous Media . Med. Phys. , 16 : 577
  • Metcalfe , P. E. , Hoban , P. W. , Murray , D. C. and Round , W. H. 1990 . Beam Hardening of 10 MV Radiotherapy X-Rays: Analysis Using a Convolution-Superposition Method . Phys. Med. Biol. , 35 : 1533
  • Wong , J. W. and Purdy , J. A. 1990 . On Methods of Inhomogeneity Corrections for Photon Transport . Med. Phys. , 17 : 807
  • Bortfeld , T. , Schlegel , W. and Rhein , B. 1993 . Decomposition of Pencil Beam Kernels for Fast Dose Calculations in Three-Dimensional Treatment Planning . Med. Phys. , 20 : 311
  • Papanikolaou , N. , Mackie , T. R. , Meger-Wells , C. , Gehrig , M. and Reckwerdt , P. 1993 . Investigation of the Convolution Method for Polyenergetic Spectra . Med. Phys. , 20 : 1327
  • Sharpe , M. B. and Battista , J. J. 1993 . Dose Caclulations Using Convolution and Superposition Principles: The Orientation of Dose Spread Kernels in Divergent X-Ray Beams . Med. Phys. , 20 : 1685

Electon Beam Dose Calculation Methods

  • Fermi , E. 1941 . Cosmic Ray Theory . Rev. Mod. Phys. , 13 : 265 cited by B. Rossi and K. Griesen
  • Eyges , L. 1948 . Multiple Scattering With Energy Loss . Phys. Rev. , 74 : 1534
  • Perry , D. J. and Holt , J. G. 1980 . A Model for Calculating the Effects of Small Inho-mogeneitiea on Electron Beam Dose Distribution . Med. Phys. , 7 : 207
  • Hogstrom , K. R. , Mills , M. D. and Almond , P. R. 1981 . Electron Beam Dose Calculations . Phys. Med. Biol , 26 : 445
  • Brahme , A. , Lax , I. and Andreo , P. 1981 . Election Beam Dose Planning Using Discrete Gaussian Beams . Acta Radiologics Oncology , 20 : 147
  • Werner , B. L. , Kahn , F. M. and Deibel , F. C. 1982 . A Model for Calculating Electron Beam Scattering in Treatment Planning . Med. Phys. , 9 : 180
  • Lax , I. , Brahme , A. and Andreo , P. 1983 . Electron Beam Dose Planning Using Gaussian Beams: Improved Radial Dose Profile . Acta Radiol Svppl (Stockholm) , 364 : 49
  • Jette , D. , Pagnamenta , A. and LanzL , L. H. 1983 . The Application of Multiple Scattering Theory to Therapeutic Electron Dosimetry . Med. Phys. , 10 : 141
  • Bruinvis , La. D. , Van Amstel , A. , Elvelt , A. J. and Van Der Laarse , R. 1983 . Calculation of Electron Beam Dose Distributions for Arbitrarily Shaped Fields . Phys. Med. Biol. , 28 : 667
  • Brahme , A. 1985 . Current Algorithms for Computed Electron Beam Dose Planning . Radiotherapy and Oncology , 3 : 347
  • Lax , I. and Brahme , A. 1985 . Electron Beam Dose Planning Using Gaussian Beams: Energy and Spatial Scaling with Inhomogeneities . Acta Radiol Oncol , 24 : 75
  • Storchi , P. R. M. and Huizenga , H. 1985 . On a Numerical Approach of the Pencil Beam Model . Phys. Med. Biol. , 30 : 467
  • Shortt , K. R. , Ross , C. K. , Bielajew , A. F. and Rogers , D. W. O. 1986 . Electron Beam Dose Distributions Near Standard Inhomogeneities . Phys. Med. Biol. , 1 : 235
  • Lax , I. 1986 . Inhomogeneity Corrections in Electron-Beam Dose Planning. Limitations with the Semi-Infinite Slab Approximation . Phys. Med. Biol. , 31 : 879
  • Sabbas , Am. , Jette , D. , Rozenfeld , M. , Pagnamenta , A. and Lanzl , L. H. 1987 . Colli-mated Electron Beams and Thieir Associated Penumbra Widths . Med. Phys. , 14 : 996
  • Mackie , T. R. 1987 . “ Calculating Electron Dose Using a Convolution-Superposition Method ” . In The Use of Computers in Radiation Therapy , Edited by: Bruin-vis , I. A. D. 445 Elsevier Science Publishers B. V. (North-Holland .
  • Jette , D. 1988 . Electron Dose Calculation Using Multiple-Scattering Theory. A. Gaussian Multiple-Scattering Theory . Med. Phys. , 15 : 123
  • Sandison , G. A. and Huda , W. 1988 . Application of Fermi Scattering Theory to a Magnetically Scanned Electron Linear Accelerator . Med. Phys. , 15 : 498
  • Yu , C. X. , Ge , W. S. and Wong , J. W. 1988 . A Multiray Model for Calculating Electron Pencil Beam Distribution . Med. Phys. , 15 : 662
  • Jette , D. and Bielajew , A. 1989 . Electron Dose Calculation Using Multiple-Scattering Theory: Second-Order Multiple-Scattering Theory . Med. Phys. , 16 : 698
  • Huizenga , H. and Storchi , P. R. M. 1989 . Numerical Calculation of Energy Deposition by Broad High-Energy Electron Beams . Phys. Med. Biol. , 34 : 1371
  • Shiu , A-S. and Hogstrom , K. R. 1991 . Pencil-Beam Redefinition Algorithm for Electron Dose Distributions . Med. Phys. , 18 : 7
  • Jette , D. 1991 . Electron Dose Calculation Using Multiple-Scattering Theory: Localized Inhomogeneities — A New Theory . Med. Phys. , 18 : 123
  • Jette , D. 1992 . Electron Dose Calculation Using Multiple-Scattering Theory: Evaluation of a New Model for Inhomogeneities . Med. Phys. , 19 : 1241
  • Morawska-Kaczynska , M. and Hulzenga , H. 1992 . Numerical Calculation of Energy Deposition by Broad High-Energy Electron Beams: II. Multi-Layered Geometry . Phys. Med. Biol. , 37 : 2103
  • Janssen , J. J. , Riedeman , D. E. J. , Morawska-Kaczynska , M. , Storchi , P JLM and Huizenga , H. 1994 . Numerical Calculation of Energy Deposition by Broad High-Energy Electron Beams: in. Three-Dimensional Heterogeneous Media . Phys. Med. Biol. , 39 : 1351
  • Börgers , C. and Larsen , E. W. 1994 . Fokker-Planck Approximation of Monoenergetic Transport Processes . Trans. Am. Nvcl Soc. , 71 : 235
  • Börgers , C. and Larsen , E. W. The Fermi Pencil Beam Approximation . Proc. ANS Topical Meeting, International Conference on Mathematics and Computations, Reactor Physics, and Environmental Analyses . April 30 - May 4 1995 , Portland, Oregon. Vol. 2 , pp. 847
  • Börgera , C. and Larsen , E. W. Asymptotic Derivation of the Fermi Pencil Beam Approximation . Nucl Sci. Eng. , to appear
  • Börgers , C. and Larsen , E. W. On the Accuracy of the Fokker-Planck and Fermi Pencil Beam Equations for Charged Particle Transport . Med. Phys. , submitted
  • Jette , D. Incorporation of Single Scattering into Gaussiun Multiple-Scattering Theory . AAPM Annual Meeting . Boston, MA. paper PO-V-04.T

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