- The quoted forms are from field-notes on the Pashto dialect of Kandahar, Afghanistan. The transcription used follows in many respects a proposed Latin orthography for Pashto. A colloquial but educated pronunciation of Arabic words is indicated. The following phonemes occur:
- a i u aa ee oo ǝ
- y w l rr (retroflexed lateral)
- m n nn (nasal rr)
- d t (dental); dd tt (postalveolar)
- b p f
- g k q (glottalized k) kh (German ‘ch’) gh (often uvular trill)
- s sh sh (retroflexed) z zh zh (retroflexed)
- h? (glottal stop or constriction)
- M. A. Ayaazi, Da Pashtoo Qawaa'id (Kabul 1324 = 1945) 25; Sadiqullah Rishtin, Dǝ Pashtoo Kǝli VI (Kabul 13 = 1947) 46, Lumrray Lyaarsshǝwunkay (Kabul 1326) 34.
- R. Leach, The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 8.4f. (1840), mentions five, H. G. Raverty, A Grammar of the Pukhto, Pushto, or Language of the Afgháns (Calcutta 1855) 10, mentions seven, H. W. Bellew, A Grammar of the Pukhto or Pukhto Language (London 1867) 20ff. lists eight, G. Roos-Keppel, A Manual of Pushtu, (London 1901) 21ff. and Qazi Rahimullah Khan, The Modern Pushtu Instructor I (Peshawar 1938) 33 also eight cases.
- Cf. E. Trumpp, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 21.90ff. (1867); M. Dorn, Ueber das Puschtu oder die Sprache der Afghanen, Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg, Sixième Serie, 5.39 (1845); F. Müller, Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-historischen Classe der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften 42.5 (Wien 1865); James Darmesteter, Chants Populaires des Afghans pp. LXIX ff. (Paris 1888–1890); W. Geiger, Grundriss der iranischen Philologie 1.213ff. (1898–1901); D. L. R. Lorimer, Pashtu Part I (Oxford 1915) 28; see also G. Morgenstierne, Archaisms and Innovations in Pashto Morphology, Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap 12.102 (1940).
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