- The following references were used: Northwest Africa: W. Marçais, Le dialecte arabe des Ūlād Brāhīm de Saïda, in Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique, Paris 1906, XIV 100. M. Cohen, Le parler arabe des Juifs d'Alger, Paris 1912, 18ff. A. Delaporte, Principes de l'idiome arabe en usage à Alger, Paris 1845, 2ff. Egypt: W. H. T. Gairdner, Egyptian Colloquial Arabie, Cambridge 1917, 1–3. K. Vollers, The Modem Egyptian Dialect of Arabic, Cairo 1926, vii ff. J. S. Willmore, The Spoken Arabic of Egypt, London 1905, Iff. Palestine and Syria: G. R. Driver, A Grammar of the Colloquial Arabic of Syria and Palestine, London 1925, 2–8. Leonhard Bauer, Das Palästinische Arabisch: Die Dialekte des Städters und des Fellachen, Leipzig 1913, 1–3. J. Cantineau, Le dialecte arabe de Palmyre, Beirut 1934, 32. Iraq: J. Van Ess, The Spoken Arabic of Iraq, Oxford 1946, 1–2. Sudan: G. J. Lethem, Colloquial Arabic: Shuwa Dialect of Bornu, Nigeria and of the Region of Lake Chad, London 1920, 5ff. Among these Driver attributes the sibilant value to Turkish and Persian influence; the latter is difficult to see, inasmuch as spirants are preserved in Iraq. Van Ess cites a th beside a dh value for ‘ẓ’ in Iraq, which, if meant to be phonetic, is in conflict with the impression received from Cohen, op. cit., 28, and from all other evidence encountered, that ‘ẓ’ is voiced in modern dialects.
- W. Wright, A Grammar of the Arabic Language, Cambridge 1896, i 66 §§ 115–7.
- Ibid., § 117.
- Carl Brockelmann, Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik der semitischen Sprachen, Berlin 1908, I, 128.
- Ibid., 129.
- Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris, 27, 2 (1927), ‘Comptes Rendus’ 172.
- Ibid.
- OLZ 1930, J. Vilencik, ‘Welchen Lautwert hatte'ḍ’ im Ursemitischen,' 90ff.
- Hespéris 1930, M. Colin, ‘Notes de dialectologie arabe,’ 91ff.
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