- E. Zwirner, Phonologische und phonometrische Probleme der Quantität, Proceedings of the Third International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Ghent, 1939, p. 57–66.
- Alfred Schmitt, Die neuhochdeutschen Verschlusslaute, Zeitschrift für Phonetik I (4/5), p. 150–176.
- L. L. Hammerich, Laryngeal before sonant, København, 1948 (Det Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Historisk-filologiske Meddelelser, Bind XXXI), p. 53 ff.: “This must be due to a differentiation in Old High German. When the mutation of ẹ reached the stage of close e, there arose a danger of confusion with the inherited ë. Now, the new ẹ could not escape, because it was still under the palatalizing influence of the following syllable (e.g. OHG grẹbit “digs”, gẹsti “guests”, mẹnnisc “human”, bẹzziro “better”), but the inherited ë which was never preserved before an i/ in the following syllable, could and did escape fusion, receding into a more open sound. In the great majority of cases High German—alone of all Teutonic languages—has worked out this distinction between the mutation-ẹ and the inherited è, that the former remains a close ẹ-sound, but the latter becomes an open e-sound, in dialects even an a.
- “In the same way, we may understand the Aryan development. When the laryngeal H was palatalized—as so many other sounds of primitive Aryan—the vocalic form, H, which originally had the same a-timbre as in the other IE languages, must have come close to the inherited e-sound. It thereby pushed this e into a more open position—finally a—while the H itself went on being palatalized, till the final stage was reached, viz. i.”
- A. Meillet, Caractères généraux des langues germaniques, 4th ed., Paris, 1930, p. 61: “Tout se passe donc à peu de chose près comme s'il y avait en germanique commun une voyelle unique, qui deviendrait i ou e suivant les cas.”
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