- L. Bloomfield «Outline of Ilocano Syntax», Language 18 (1942), 193–200; H. W. Widdoes, A Brief Introduction to the Grammar of the Ilocano Language (Manila, no date); M. Vanoverbergh in a series of mimeographed articles on Ilocano grammar; H. McKaughan and J. Forster, Ilocano, An Intensive Language Course (Grand Forks, N.D., 1953).
- The data upon which this paper is based was obtained largely from Mr. Rosendo Apeles, a native speaker of the llocos Sur dialect of Ilocano, a Philippine language, during the 1954 session of the Summer Institute of Linguistics at the University of North Dakota.
- Bloomfield, op. cit., p. 194.
- The allomorphs represented by these morphemes are: /-co -ac/, /-mo -cal, /-na -0 si-/, /-ta/, /-mi -cami/, l-tayo/, l-yo -cayo/, and /-da ida da-/. As regards their distribution, -co, -mo, -mi, and -yo occur with nouns, certain verb formations, and cania-; -ac, -ca, -cami, and -cayo occur with certain other verb formations, ken-, and cada-. Si- occurs only as a stem; the distribution of -0 parallels that of -ac; and the distribution of -na parallels that of -co, since it is able also to substitute for -co or -mo in certain environments. Da- occurs only as a stem; ida occurs as the second in a two-pronoun sequence; and -da occurs elsewhere.
- Mr. Ernesto Constantino, himself a native Ilocano, has suggested to the writer the possibility of further breaking these down into ken- plus -0 and ca- plus -da, with kenca, for instance, being analyzed as ken- the stem, -0 a redundant number indicator, and -ca the pronoun. Many other helpful comments were also given by Mr. Constantino.
- The forms commonly called « free pronouns » are siac, sica, dala (or sila), dacami (or sicami), dacayo (or sicayo), datayo (or sitayo), isu, and isuda. I have preferred to analyze these as bound pronouns suffixed to a particle of emphasis, rather than analyzing the total form as a free pronoun.
- X represents one or more persons or things other than the Speaker and the Hearer.
- It would be possible to retain the numbers ‘1st’ and ‘2nd’ for Speaker and Hearer, with the proviso that they be always understood as referring to only one person. But because the retention of these terms would have the connotations of the traditional system to the reader it was felt best to abandon them completely.
- In some dialects of Ilocano si- is not a number indicator but is used with both singular and plural pronouns as a relation indicator. This would not prevent the labeling of na and da as number indicators, but would just remove si- from being an allomorph of na in those dialects.
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