- Japanese phoneticians usually refer to word tone as “accent.” Throughout this paper, the term “tone” will be employed in compliance with the customary European terminology, and to distinguish it from “intonation”. Exhaustive research into Japanese intonation do not seem to have been conducted as yet. Some of the recent works include (Japanese titles given in translation): H. Kindaichi: Melody of Language, Japanese Philology, 1951; Yoichi Fujiwara: A Study of Regional “Sentence Accent”, A Collection of Papers on Japanese Accent, 1951; Tamako Miyauchi: Pitch Accent in Japanese and English, Study of Sounds (No. 7), 1951; Masao Oonishi: Educational Phonetics, 1948. This last, to my knowledge, gives the most comprehensive account of Japanese intonation which has so far appeared in this country. In European languages we have, for example, Hide Shohara's articles in Lingua. 1:4, 3:1; E. R. Edwards: Étude phonétique de la langue japonaise, 1902; M. G. Mori: The Pronunciation of Japanese, 1929; Tsutomu Chiba: A Study of Accent, 1935. For some of the phonemic approaches to Japanese “accent” and intonation, see B. Bloch's article in Language, 26:1, 1950; Samuel E. Martin: Morphophonemics of Standard Colloquial Japanese, Lany. Suppl., Lang. Diss. No. 47, 1952; Eleanor H. Jorden's work on Japanese syntax in which she posits 5 pitch levels (awaiting publication).
- Kooichi Miyata: My View of Japanese Accent, Study of Sounds, Nos. 1, 2 & 3.
- Shiro Hattori: Japanese Accent from a Phonemic Point of View, Inquiries into the Japanese Language, No. 2, 1954.
- Kaku Jimbo: The Word-tone of the Standard Japanese Language, Bull, of the School of Oriental Studies, 3: 4, 1925.
- Y. R. Chao: Tone and Intonation in Chinese, Bull, of the National Research Institute of History and Philology, 1933.
- Hideyo Arisaka: The Theory of Phonology, 1940, pp. 128–31.
- Charles Bally: Le Language el la vie, 1935, pp. 126–7.
- E. g. Kishio Terakawa: A Study of East-Asiatic Japanese, 1945, pp. 305–7.
- See D. L. Bolinger: Intonation and Analysis, Word, 5:3, 1949, and his Comments on Pike's American English Intonation, Studies in Linguistics, 5:3, 1947.
- D. L. Bolinger: Inhibited and Uninhibited Stress, Quarterly Journal of Speech, 31:2, 1945.
- See her treatment of the “suspended” intonation in The Intonation of American English, thesis, 1939, Chap. VI.
- Wiktor Jassem: Intonation of Conversational English, 1952, p. 79.
- This quotation is from Shiro Kida, Linguistic Life, November 1952.
- Motoki Tokieda: The Theory of Japanese Philology, 1950, p. 357.
- Hans Kurath: A Specimen of Ohio Speech, Curme Volume of Linguistic Studies, Baltimore, 1930.
- A. H. Gardiner: The Theory of Speech and Language, 1932, p. 201 ff.
- If the expression Ohairinasai is pronounced with a falling intonation, the “fall” following the “accented” element occurs between sa and i, and the final i carries the voice further down to the bottom (falling intonation). If a rising intonation is superimposed upon this identical expression, the voice glides up from sa to i, instead of rising from i, as might be expected. (This is an example of temporary tonal disturbance.) The reason may be that here sai is treated as a monosyllable. If Ohairinasai is an echo-question, we notice a fall between sa and i before the voice rises sentence-finally.
- Isamu Abe: Intonation of “Request-Command” Expressions in English, Bulletin of the Phonetic Society of Japan, No. 85, 1954.
- Likewise, the utterance Soreo mimasu. (‘[I] see it.’) would end in a suspended pitch (in a statement) if the final vowel u is not pronounced. But if this vowel happens to retain its full vowel quality, as in careful speech, we have the regular fall (low) on u.
- See E. Haugen and M. Joos: Tone and Intonation in Kast Norwegian, Acta Philo-logica Scandinavica, 22:1, 1952, pp. 61–2.
- Elizabeth Uldall (op. cit.). Sect. 32, See Note 11.
- K. L. Pike: The intonation of American English, 1949 Edit.
- C. A. Bodelsen: The Two Intonation Tunes, English Studies, 25:5, 1943.
- Henry Sweet: A Primer of Spoken English, p. 32, and A New English Grammar, Syntax, Pt. 2, Sect. 1936.
- H. C. Bush: Connotations of the Stressed Interrogative in English, The Rising Generation, 98:2, 1952.
- See D. I.. Bolinger's treatment of ‘question’ melodies in English Studies, 29: 4, 1948.
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