- Cf. M. Shulman, [Slavic Influence in the Phonetics of the Yiddish Language], Afn shprakhfront (3rd ser.) 2 (Kiev, 1938), 131–172; U. Weinreich, “Sábesdiker losn in Yiddish: a Problem of Linguistic Affinity,” Word 8.360–377 (1952); Roman Jakobson, [The Yiddish Sound Pattern in Its Slavic Environment], Yidishe shprakh 13.70–83 (1953). Titles of Yiddish articles are given in translation in brackets.
- See Judah A. Joffe, [The Slavic Element in Yiddish], Pinkes [fun Amopteyl fun Yivo] 1/2.235–256, 296–312 (1927/28), esp. pp. 300ff.
- Cf. H. Shklyar, [Yiddish-Belorussian Linguistic Parallels], Belorussian Academy of Sciences (Minsk), Institute for Jewish Proletarian Culture, Ling- vistishe zamlung 1.65–80 (1933).
- See Alfred Landau, [The Slavic Elements and Influences in Yiddish], Filologishe shriftn [fun Yivo] 2.199–214 (1927), 3.615f. (1928); Mordche Schaechter, “Aktionen im Jiddischen; ein sprachwissenschaftlicher Beitrag zur vergleichenden Bedeutungslehre des Verbums,” Unpubl. Diss., Vienna, 1951; Uriel Weinreich, [Back to Aspects], Yidishe shprakh 12.97–103 (1952). For a survey of Slavo-Yiddish relations and a more complete bibliography, see now Max Weinreich, “Yiddish, Knaanic, Slavic: The Basic Relationships,” For Roman Jakobson (The Hague, 1956).
- Cf. the bibliographies in Leonard Bloomfleld's Language (New York, 1933), p. 521, §23.8 and, for the German dialect domain, in Adolf Bach, Deutsche Mundartforschung2 (Heidelberg, 1950), pp. 157–165. On the consequences of blending for etymological research, cf. J. Vendryes, “Sur l'étymologie croisée,” Bulletin de la Société de linguistique de Paris 51.1–8 (1955).
- Einar Haugen, The Norwegian Language in America (Philadelphia, 1953), p. 460.
- Uriel Weinreich, Languages in Contact (New York, 1953), p. 52.
- Yiddish forms are cited in a transcription in which x, j have their I.P.A. values; palatality is indicated by ˊ; stress is marked by an accent if other than penultimate.
- A. Zaretski, Yidishe gramatik2 (Vilna, 1929).
- The following abbreviations are used: Ctl. Yid.—Central Yiddish, spoken in central Poland, eastern Slovakia and Carpatho-Russia; W. Yid.—Western Yiddish, spoken to the west of this area; NE Yid.—Northeastern Yiddish, the dialect of Lithuania and Belorussia; SE Yid.—Southeastern Yiddish, the dialects of the Ukraine, Rumania, etc.; Std. Yid.—Standard Yiddish. On the classification of Yiddish dialects, see Max Weinreich, [Yiddish], in Algemeyne yidishe entsiklopedye, supplementary volume Yidn B (Paris, 1939), pp. 23–90, p. 69.
- See Max Weinreich, Shtaplen (Berlin, 1923), pp. 213f.
- Analogous blends also occur in eastern dialects of German; see Hugo Schuchardt, Dem Herrn Franz von Miklosich zum 80. November 1883: Slawo-deutsches und Slawo-italienisches (Graz, 1884), p. 67.
- Nokhem Shtif, [The Dialectological Expedition of the Chair for Jewish Culture], Di yidishe shprakh (Kiev), no. 19 (1929), pp. 1–29, p. 20.
- Friedrich Kluge—Albert Götze, Deutsches etymologisches Wörterbuch15 (Berlin, 1953), s.v. Laib.
- Dray yor a libe gefirt, released by Hed-Arzi, Tel Aviv, HA no. 809; cf. note in Yidisher folklor no. 2 (New York, 1955), p. 27, col. 2.
- Roman Jakobson, “Sur la théorie des affinityés phonologiques entre les langues,” appended to N. S. Troubetskoy, Principes de phonologie (Paris, 1949), pp. 351–365; p. 361, with further reference.
- Alexander Harkavy, Yidish-english-hebreisher verterbukh (New York, 1928).
- Nahum Stutchkoff, Der oytser fun der yidisher shprakh (New York, 1950).
- Joffe (op. cit. p. 243) and M. Shulman ([Slavicisms in the Vocabulary of Yiddish], Afn shprakhfront 3 (Kiev, 1939), pp. 71–109, p. 105) list xol'en as a Slavicism, but without indicating the meaning or the etymology. Russian xolit' ‘to pamper; to cultivate’ is quite unlikely for semantic reasons. Żelechowski-Niedzielski's Ukrainian dictionary (Lwów, 1886) cites an isolated xvolyj ‘sick’ from a work by M. Vovˇok. According to my colleague George Y. Shevelov, the citation must be treated skeptically, since Vovˇok often favored strange and mutilated forms; it is significant that later, more critical Ukrainian dictionaries did not include this apparent nonce-word. In my opinion, the stem of the Yiddish verb is definitely of Semitic origin; one thinks of the W. Yid. xoljes ‘sick’ (for the suffix, cf. W. Yid. kaljes ‘spoiled’) and is led to suspect a cryptic or expressive replacement for krenken ‘to be sick’. On this style of Yiddish derivation, cf. Florence Guggenheim Grünberg, “The Horse Dealers' Language of the Swiss Jews of Endingen and Lengnau,” The Field of Yiddish: Studies in Yiddish Language, Folklore and Literature Published on the Occasion of the Bicentennial of Columbia University, ed. Uriel Weinreich, pp. 48–62, esp. p. 50, n. 9.
- J. and W. Grimm, Deutsches Wörterbuch (Leipzig, 1854ff.).
- See Max Weinreich, “Yidishkayt and Yiddish: on the Impact of Religion on Language in Ashkenazic Jewry,” Mordecai M. Kaplan Jubilee Volume (New York, 1953), pp. 481–514, p. 500.
- See Dov Sadan, “Alter Terakh: the Byways of Linguistic Fusion,” The Field of Yiddish... (cf. footnote 19), pp. 134–142, p. 142
- For collections of Yiddish reanalyses of Slavic place names, cf. for example Shmuel Lehman, [Town and Country in the Folk Language], Arkhiv far yidisher shprakh-visnshaft, literatur-forshung un etnologye, ed. N. Pryłucki and S. Lehman (Warsaw, 1933), pp. 256–283, esp. pp. 270–274; M. Vaxer, [The Folklore of Jewish Settlements], Di yidishe landsmanshaftn fun Nyu-York, sponsored by the Yiddish Writers' Union (New York, 1938), pp. 61–63. The oldest instance of reanalysis of a Slavic place name may be Saratov = sar tov ‘good ruler’, cited by M. Mieses, “Ju- daizanci w wschodniej Europie” Miesięcznik żydowski 3.169–185 (1933), p. 179.
- Listed by L. Sainéan; cf. Chaim Gininger, “Sainéan's Accomplishments in Yiddish Linguistics,” The Field of Yiddish… (cf. footnote 19), pp. 147–178; p. 177.
- The effects of “etymological hypercorrectness” on Yiddish spelling, pronunciation, and grammar merit separate study; cf. the methodological suggestions in Georges Gougenheim, “La fausse étymologie savante,” Romance Philology 1.277–86 (1947/48).
WORD
Volume 11, 1955 - Issue 4: Slavic Word No. 4