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WORD Volume 13, 1957 - Issue 1
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Original Articles

On Discretenes and Continuity in Structural Dialectology

Edward StankiewiczIndiana University.
Pages 44-59 | Published online: 04 Dec 2015

  • Word 10.388–400 (1954).
  • Especially in the article of N. S. Trubetzkoy, « Phonologie et géographie linguistique », TCLP 4.228–34 (1931).
  • Among the earlier studies in structural dialectology are B. Havránek's “Nařečí česká”, Československé Vlastivěda III, Prague, 1934, pp. 84–218, and G. Laziczius' Bevezelés a fonológiába, Budapest, 1932, pp. 62–74.
  • To these belong the quoted study of Havrének, the less consistently phonemic description of the Russian dialects in R. J. Avancsov's Očerki russkoj dialeklologii I, Moscow, 1949, and the author's “The Phonemic Patterns of the Polish Dialects,” For Roman Jakobson, The Hague, 1956, pp. 518–531. The other main works referred to deal with the Western and Eastern Slavic dialects and are as follows: K. Nitsch, “Dialekty języka polskiego,” in 'Język polski i jego historia,” Encgklopedia Polska, 3.2. pp. 238–343 (1915); S. Urbańczyk, Zarys dialektologii polskiej, Warsaw, 1953; N. N. Durnovo, N. N. Sokolov, D. N. Ušakov, Opyt dialeklo logičeskoj karly russkogo jazgka v Europe, Moscow, 1915; J. Ziłyński, “Opis fonetyczny języka ukraińskiego,” Prace Komisji Językowej, PAU, n° 19 (1932); F. T. Žilko, Narysy z dialeklologiji ukrajins'koji movy, Kyjiv, 1955; B. F. Karskij, Belorusy, II, 1, Moscow 21955; V. Važný, “Nařečí Slovenská,” Československá Vlastivěda III, Prague, 1934, pp. 219–310.
  • For a survey of these dialects with numerous examples of phonemic and morphological diffusion, see Z. Stieber, “Sposoby powstawania słowiańskich gwar przejściowych,” Prace Polskiej Akademii Umiejęlności, No. 27 (1938).
  • One such outstanding dialectologist who ignored historical problems was O. Broch, whose book Slavische Phonetik (1911) is still unsurpassed in its scope; also his pupil, J. Ziłyński.
  • Cf. S. Urbańczyk (op. cit.), pp. 31–45, J. Avanesov and V. G. Orlova, “Voprosy izučenija dialektov jazykov SSSR,” Voprosy Jazykoznanija, 1953, 5, p. 42. B. Havránek (op. cit.), pp. 96–100.
  • U. Weinreich (op. cit.), pp. 397, 398.
  • The quotations are drawn from A. Bach, Deutsche Muudariforschung, Heidelberg, 21950; for the concept of “Sprachlandschaft”, cf. especially pp. 56, 76, 122.
  • Z. Stieber, 'Stanowisko mowy Słowaków,” Prace Filologiczne, No. 17, pp. 37 ff. (1937).
  • K. Nitsch, Wybór pism polonislycznych I, Wrocłw, 1954, pp. 216–217. For the role of prestige factors in the identification of dialects, see also N. v. Wijk, Les langues slaves, de l'unité à la pluralité, The Hague, 1956, pp. 49–50. The rudimentary state of other extralinguistic procedures is discussed by Weinreich himself; op. cit., p. 398.
  • U. Weinreich (op. cit.), p. 390.
  • The claims of Serbian and of Bulgarian linguists to some Southern Slavic dialects on the basis of “typical” Serbian or Bulgarian features is a case in point. See S. Mladenov, Geschichte der bulgarischen Sprache, Berlin & Leipzig, 1929, p. 340.
  • In “Próba ugrupowania g war polskich,” Rozprawy Polskiej Akademi i Umiejęlnošci, Wydział Filologiczny, Ser. I, I, pp. 336 ff. (1910).
  • N. T. Vojlovič, “O dialektnoj osnove belorusskogo literaturnogo jazyka”, Voprosy Jazykoznanija, 1954, pp. 26–41.
  • F. Ramovš, Dialektološka karła slovenskega jezika, Ljubljana, 1931; idem, Kraika zgodovina slovenskega jezika, Ljubljana, 1936, pp. 107–113.
  • This scepticism is clearly expressed in H. Paul's Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichle, Halle, 1880, pp. 237–240.
  • A lucid account of the controversy is found in the article by L. Gauchat, “Gibt es Mundartgrenzen?” Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Lileraluren, 111.365–403 (1903).
  • In « Les parlers de la France », Lecture faite à la réunion des Sociélés savanles, 1888, reprinted in his Mélanges linguisliques II, Paris, 1907, pp. 432–448.
  • See A. Meillet, Les dialectes indo-europėens, Paris, c1950, p. 3, and F. de Saussure, Cours de linguistique générale, Paris, 1949, p. 279. In de Saussure we find, however, also some statements concerning the possibility of viewing dialects as discrete systems; cf. p. 276.
  • This view too was embraced by the leading linguists before the rise of modern diachronic linguistics; see A. Meillet, Linguistique historique el linguistique générale, II, Paris, 1948, p. 81; F. de Saussure (op. cit.), p. 122.
  • This map shows only the approximate boundaries of the phonemic systems in Northeastern Poland. For a more accurate description and delimitation of the dialectal areas, see “The phonemic patterns of the Polish dialects” (op. cit.).
  • G. L. Trager and H. L. Smith, Jr., An Outline of English Structure (= Studies in Linguistics, Occasional Papers 3), Norman (Okla.), 1951, esp. pp. 20, 35.
  • Cf. also the pertinent remarks of U. Weinreich (op. cit.), p. 395.
  • This fact has been recorded not only by linguists, but also by Polish novelists. In a novel by E. Zegadłowicz (Zmory), the peasants do not make the distinction between /š/ and /ž/, but differentiate /a/ from /ȧ/; high-school students coming into contact with the literary language, adopt the distinction between /š/ and /ž/, but preserve the distinction between /a/ and /ȧ/, whereas the intelligentsia has taken on the literary language. For a different, sociological interpretation of this phenomenon, cf. Z. Stieber, “Sposoby powstawania słowiańskich gwar przejściowych” (op. cit)., p. 14.
  • A. V. Isaˇenko, “Versuch einer Typologie der slavischen Sprachen,” Lingua Slovaca, 1.64 ff. (1939); cf. also R. Jakobson, Slavic Languages, New York, 21955, p. 16.
  • Among these features are penultimate stress, palatals in place of palatalized dental consonants, one phoneme /x/, instead of /h/ and /x/, the sporadic appearance of soft labial consonants. For more details, cf. N. v. Wijk, “Die Tschechisch-polnischen Übergangsdialekte,” Medellingen der Koninklijke akademie van vellenschappen LXV, Ser. A, 1928, pp. 1–36; B. Huvrȧnck (op. cit.), esp. pp. 184, 188; J. Ziłyński (op. cit.), esp. pp. 85–90, 155–165.
  • Cf. B. Havránek (op. cit.), p. 103; J. Orlovský and L. Arany, Gramatyka jazyka slovenského, Bratislava, 1947, pp. 35–50.
  • Nasal vowels are also found in some areas of Slovenia; cf. L. Tesnière, “Les voyelles nasales slaves et le parler Slovene de Replje,” Slavistična Revija III, 3–4, pp. 263–265 (1950).
  • B. Malmberg, “Bemerkungen zum quantitativen Vokalsystem im modernen Frańzösisch” Acla Linguistica III, 1, pp. 44 ff. (1942).
  • W. Doroszewski, Studia fonelyczne z kilku wsi mazowieckich, Wroclaw, 1955, esp. pp. 19, 38, 48.
  • J. Ziłynski (op. cit.), p. 80; R. J. Avanesov (op. cit.), pp. 132–133.
  • A. Martinet, Phonology as Functional Phonetics, London, 1949, pp. 9–10; R. Jakobson, C. G. M. Fant, M. Halle, Preliminaries lo Speech Analysis = Technical Report No. 13 (1952), MIT Acoustics Laboratory; J. Lotz, « The Structure of Human Speech », Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, ser. II, 16.373–384 (1954), p. 383.
  • R. Jakobson and M. Halle, Fundamentals of Language, The Hague 1956, p. 9.
  • “Die Kombinatorischen Varianten sind also eben deshalb möglich, weil verschiedene phonetische Eigenschaften desselben Lautes in verschiedenen Funktionen verwendet werden,” “Über eine neue Kritik des Phonembegriffes,” Archiv für vergleichende Phonetik I, 3, p. 137 (1937).
  • K. Nitsch, Wybór pism polonislycznijch, III, Pisma pomorzoznawcze, Wrocław, 1954, p. 346.
  • Z. Stieber, “Stanowisko mowy Słowaków” (op. cit.), pp. 49 ff.
  • R. Jakobson, “Prinzipien der historischen Phonologie,” TCLP 4.241 ff. (1931).

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