- The names of the languages are abbreviated as follows: A. = Aymellel, Amh.= Amharic, Ar. = Arabic, Arg. = Argobba, C. = Čaha, E. = Eža, Ed. = Endegeň, En.= Ennemor, G. = Geez, Go. = Gogot, Gt. = Gyeto, Gur. = Gurage, Har. = Harari, M.= Muher, Ms. = Masqan, S. = Selti, Te. = Tigre, Tna. = Tigrinya, W. = Wolane, Z. = Zway
- In the Moča dialect of Kafa, the word nägado, literally ‘merchant’ means ‘Moslem merchant’.
- See especially E. Cerulli, Studi eliopici I. La Lingua e la storia di Harar, Rome, 1936, p. 1–56, and bibliography in the footnotes.
- J. S. Trimingham, Islam in Elhiopia, Oxford. 1952.
- For more detailed studies of the loanwords in the various Ethiopie languages, see W. Leslau “Arabic loanwords in Harari”, in Studi orientalislici in onore di Giorgio Levi della Vida, vol. 2, Rome, 1956, p. 1–1-35; “Arabic loanwords in Tigre”, Word. 12 (1956). 125–141; “Arabic loanwords in Tigrinya”, JAOS 16 (1956). 204–213. In print: “Arabic loanwords in Geez”, “Arabic loanwords in Amharic”, “Arabic loan-words in Gurage”, “Arabic loanwords in Argobba” The reader will find in these studies the criteria helping us in the determination of a loanword.
- Gafat is riot treated in this study
- For more details, see JAOS 71 (1951). 214
- By internal change b can become w: arə̇w (Ed.) ‘spear’ Ar. harb.
- By internal change m can become w: äwan (Ed.) ‘donkey’, Ar. ḥimār; näkkäwä (Ed.) ‘ride’, but lägg'ämä (M. Ms.), näk'ämä (E. Gt.), denominative of ləgwam ‘bridle’, Ar. liǧām.
- For the phoneme ḍ, see S. Moscati, H sistema consmiunlico delle lingue semitiche, Rome, 1954, p. 30–32.
- The sound d dues not exist in Bilin. In Somali and Bedja there is a cacuminal d.
- Kampfmeyer, art. “Arabia. Arabic dialects”, Encyclopedia of Islam; C. Brockelmann, Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik der semitischen Sprachen, vol. 1, p. 131.
- The affricate ṣ (is') is used in North Amharic and in Gafat.
- The sound ṣ does not exist in Galla, Somali, and Bedja. In Bilin it occurs only in Tigre loanwords (L. Reinisch, Die Bilin-Sprache in Nordost Afrika, p. 11).
- Kampfmeyer, op. cit.
- In the various Gurage dialects, z is occasionally palatalized into ž and alternates with ǧ: anž, anž, až (C. En. Gt. Ed. Ms.) ‘calf’, Ar. 'anz; zə̱nğə̱bə̱l (W.) ‘ginger’, ğαnğə̱bə̱l (S.), ğə̱nğə̱bə̱l (?.), Ar. zanğabll.
- The interdental ḏ does not exist in Cushitic.
- Brockelmann, op. cit. p. 120, 131.
- The interdental t does not exist in Cushitic.
- Brockelmann, op. cit. 120, 131.
- On Arabic ṭ, see S. Moscati, It sistema consonantico delle lingue semitiche, p. 29–30, and passim.
- The Cushitic languages have no ṭ. Somali and Bedja have no z.
- Kampfmeyer, op. cit.; Brockelmann, op. cil. 124, 131.
- By an internal phonetic process also r, ň: mezänä(S.) ‘weigh, count’, mezärä (C. En. Gt.), mezzärä (S.), denominative of mizān ‘balance’, Ar. mizān; arbaň (M. A.) ‘hare’, arbaňňä (S. W.), armaňňä (Go.), if it is borrowed from Ar. 'arnab.
- By an internal process also n, r; baliq (Ed. Ms. S. W.) ‘old man’, bariq (C. E. En. Gt.), Ar. bāliǵ; lägg'ämä (M. Ms.) ‘ride’, näk'ämä (C. Gt.), nägg'ämä (E.), from lə̌gwam ‘bridle’, Ar. liǧām.
- By an internal process also n: qärä (S. W.) ‘study, read the Koran’, qäna (En.), from Ar. qara'a.
- W. Marçais, art. ‘Djim’, Encyclopedia of Islam; Brockelmann, op. cit. 122, 123.
- The sound ḵ of Harari is often an allophone of k. Somali, too, occasionally renders Arabic k by k; thus, sakran, ‘drunk’, Ar. sakrān.
- By an internal phonetic process q appears as ' in some Gurage dialects. Thus, qərära (C. En. Gt. M.) ‘early morning’, 'ərär'a (En. Ed.), Ar. -'al-qarralāni.
- This root has a native form in G. ḫəbəsl, ‘bread’, for (ḫəbəzl, with z becoming voiceless s because of the following voiceless l.
- For more details about the original (ḫin South Ethiopic, see JAOS 71 (1951). 213–215.
- On the labiovelars, see also E. Ullendorff, The Semitic languages of Ethiopia. A comparative phonology, p. 74ff.
- For Arabic ġ represented as g in native Geez words, cp. G. šägärä ‘run’, Ar. šaġara; G. gime ‘fog’ if it is to be compared with Ar. ġaym, as suggested by Brockelmann, Grundriss, p. 123. The G. gime is most probably of Cushitic origin as suggested by E. Cerulli, Studi etiopici. IV. La lingua caffina, p. 444.
- Note that ġ exists in Harari only in loanwords.
- Bedja has no q.
- Kampfmeyer, op. cit.
- For Semitic ‘represented occasionally as’ in Ennemor, and Zway, see JAOS 71 (1951). 214.
- For the confusion of the laryngeals in later stages of Geez, see Ullendorff, op. cit. 35ff.
- Note that non-geminated ḥ occurs in Argobba only in Arabic loanwords.
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