- Leonard Bloomfleld, An Introduction to the Study of Language. (New York: Henry Holt, 1914) pp. 130–131.
- Murray B. Emeneau, op. cit., p. 93.
- Ibid., pp. 93–113.
- Smalley, William A. and Nguyên Văii Vạn, Ti`ng Viêl Cho Các Giáo-St, Vietnamese for Missionaries. A course in the spoken and written language of Central Vietnam. Trial Edition. Dalat, Vietnam: Imprimerie Evangėlique, 1954. This work has been reviewed by me in Word, 12.1 (1956). 167–170.
- For the use of the word «measure» to designate classifiers in ('.hinese for instance, see M. Gardner Tewksbury, Speak Chinese (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1948) p. 17, John De Francis, Reginning Chinese (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1946) pp. 31–32.
- A functive verb predicates action or event whereas a stative verb describes a quality or a condition. A number of auxiliary verbs such as rāl ‘very’ occur only before a stative verb, never before a functive verb.
- This type of classifier which indicates single action is sometimes called «semel-factive classifier.» Used after a verb of striking, hitting, kicking and the like, it means ‘once,’ ‘twice,’ etc. depending on the numeral. When the term specifies the weapon with which the blow is delivered, the usual translation is ‘a blow with.’
- The following substitutions are made within the first decade (1–10): /nhᾶt(< Chinese yi) for một ‘one,’ tu (Sino-Vietnamese tu <Chinese sẓ́ for bôn ‘four,’ and optionally nhl (Sino-Vietnamese nhị <Chinese èr) for hai ‘two.’
- Maurice Grammont and Lê Quang Trinh, « Études sur la Langue Annamite,» Mémoires de la Société Linguistique de Paris, 17. (1911–1912). 204. Truong Vinh Tông, op. cit. pp. 23ff, called this “extra” cái a “definite article”, and Bulteau, op. cil., p. 21, called it a “sort of super-article”.
- These are often used as classifiers, and have been called “quasi-classifiers.”
- These nouns are sometimes called “autonomous classifiers” since they carry a full meaning when not followed by a head noun.
- The tone of nguới belongs to the «bằng» (or even) class, comprising the low falling and high level tones, whereas that of kė belongs to the «trằc» (or uneven) class which includes the four other tones, high rising, low level, creaky level, creaky falling. These tones, so named by Emeneau, op. cit. p. 8, have the Vietnamese namẹs huyến, bằng, sằc, nặng, ngä and hỏi, respectively. For an acoustic treatment of tones, see also Lê Vǎn Ly's Le Parler Vietnamien, cited in O. pp. 106–117. On parallelism or the coupling of lines—a bằng tone opposing a trắc tone—see Nguyen Đlnh Hòa, «Double Puns in Vietnamese—A case of ‘Linguistic Play’, WORD 11 (August 1955), 237–244.
- Not to he confused with nguời cha ‘the father’ where cha takes general classifier nguoi (4.1.2.).
- Trān Trọng Kim pointed out the “age factor” in the status system, when lie said (op. cil. p. 50) that even mendicants are respectfully referred to by expressions classified with ông and bà: ông lão ān mày ‘the old beggar’ bà lão ǎn mày ‘the old woman beggar’
- Emeneau, op. cit. p. 102.
- Gabrielle Vassal, On and Off Duly inAnnam, (London: William Heinemann, 1910) p. 122. In this connection, M. B. Emeneau, in “Taboos on Animal Names,” Language 24.1. 56–63, suggested that the hypothesis of mere avoidance by hunters is not satisfactory, and that a religious taboo is probably involved.
- Cf. 4.2.2.4.
- Charles F. Hockett, Spoken Chinese (New York: Henry Holt Co., 1944). pp. 24–25, or Yuen Ren Chao, Mandarin Primer (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University, 1948), pp. 45–46. Also Edward H. Schafer, Jr., “Noun Classifiers in Classical Chinese,” Language, 24 (1948), pp. 408–413.
- Bernard Bloch and Eleanor Harz Jorden, Spoken Japanese (New York: Henry Holt Co., 1946), p. 162.
- Fred Lukoff, Spoken Korean (New York: Henry Holt Co., 1945), pp. 219–220.
- Mary R. Haas and Heng R. Subhanka, Spoken Thai (New York: Henry Holt Co., 1945), pp. 59–61. Also Mary R. Haas, “The Use of Numeral Classifiers in Thai,” Language, 18 (1942), pp. 201–205.
- William S. Cornyn, Spoken Burmese (New York: Henry Holt Co., 1945), pp. 144–146, or William S. Cornyn, Outline of Burmese Grammar (Language Dissertation No. 38, Baltimore: Linguistic Society of America, 1944), pp. 26–28. Also Mary R. Haas, “The Use of Numeral Classifiers in Burmese,” Semitic and Oriental Studies, 11 (1951) pp. 191–200.
- Isidore Dyen, Spoken Malay (New York: Henry Holt Co., 1945), pp. 114–115.
- Mary R. Haas, op. cit., p. 191.
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