- A. Sjŏgren, Romania LIV (1928), p. 397, and the Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. meal, sb.5 ‘sand-dune’.
- A. Sjŏgren, loc. cit. An ON *miol (cf. Eng. miol) should also be considered.
- Cf. Alan S. C. Boss, “Old Norse Diphthongs in English”, Acia Philologica Scandinavia XIV (1939–40), p. 5. Cf. also Harry Andersen, Oldnordisk Grammatik, Copenhagen, 1946, p. 19; E. V. Gordon, An Introduction to Old Norse, Oxford, 1944, p. 254; and Peter Skautrup, Danske Sprogs Historie, Copenhagen, 1944, I, 99.
- Treating a similar problem in Castilian, André Martinet has shown that the development of /e/ to /ie/ must have gone through the stage /ie/; otherwise Old Spanish castiello would not have given Spanish castillo. See André Martinet, review of Ramón Menéndez-Pidal, Origenes del español, Word VIII (1952), 182–6.
- Cf. the examples in Delboulle, Romania XXXIII (1904), p. 345: “N'a pas XL ou L ans que le cours et diep d'icelle eaue es toi t plus pres de la dicte ville de Harefleu” from 1403, and “L'estailliere du diep qui est d'amont Quillebceuf” from 1526.
- OIcel. stýri is given as the etymology of ONorm. esliere by Falk, “Altnordisches Seewesen”, Wörter und Sachen IV (1912), p. 73; Nyrop, Wörter und Sachen VII (1921), p. 97; Wilhelm Frahm, Das Meer und die Seefahrt in der allfranzösischen Literatur (Göttingen, 1914), p. 57, and Marius Valkhoff, Les Mols français d'origine néerlandaise, s.v. esliere.
- The Scandinavian origin of Norman lierre is given by A. Thomas, Mélanges de philologie française, p. 108, and in Romania, XXIX (1900), 177–8, n. 4. Cf. also Annales de Normandie I (1951), p. 68.
- Hellquist, Svensk elymologisk ordbok, s.v. lyra 3 gives the Primitive Germanie form *leuhiza.
- For further examples, see the author's The Scandinavian Element in French and Norman, passim, published by Bookman Associates, New York, 1958.
- Bloch, Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue française, s.v. brechet states that the word may be from English brisket introduced during the Hundred Years' War. However, the OED, s.v. brisket, states that the word is not attested until 1450 in England, whereas the French word is attested as early as the fourteenth century. Moreover it is not likely that [s] would have been effaced in a word introduced into French as late as the Hundred Years' War. Cf. Fr. ballast, attested in 1399 and lastage, attested in 1366, both retaining [s]. (Cf. Bloch, s.v. ballasi and lest, respectively).
- For the loss of initial preconsonantal [h] in Old Danish, cf. Skautrup, I, 131.
- Bierville (canton of Buchy, S.-M.), which appeared as Biervilla, ca. 1220, could very well be of Old Norse origin, containing the name Biçrn. However, Bierville, near Étampes (Seine-et-Oise) has been justly traced to Frankish Beher, the probable source also of Berville and Berval (Seine-et-Oise). Cf. Jean Adigard des Gautries, Les Noms de personnes Scandinaves en Normandie de 911 à 1066, p. 195.
- Jean Adigard des Gantries, op. cit., pp. 379–380.
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