- Hermann Hirt in his Handbuch des Urgermanischen (Heidelberg, 1931) II, 76–78, does grant the subject some attention. However, his discussion is ill-organized, confusing, and full of inaccuracies.
- (Paul-Braunes) Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur (Halle) LXXVII (1955),409.
- Adolf Noreen, Alt isländische Grammatik (Halle, 1903), 205, 283.
- Cf. Franck-van Wijk, Etymologische Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal ('sGravenhage, 1949), 254; Sigmund Feist, Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache. 3d ed. (Leiden, 1939), 281a; M. Schönfeld, Historische Grammatica van het Nederlands (Zutphen, 1947), 58; M. J. van der Meer, Historische Grammatik der niederländischen Sprache (Heidelberg, 1927) I,90. However, Julius Pokorny, Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (Bern, 1950 ff.), 648, avoids the whole problem by positing IE * k w u- in order to account for a whole grabbag of Indo-European forms. In any case, * k w u- cannot account for the long vowel of OE hū.
- E. Prokosch, A Comparative Germanie Grammar (Philadelphia, 1939), 237, 286.
- Ibid., 104.
- Ibid., 286.
- Geliert, Sämmtliche Schriften (Carlsruhe, 1839), III, 312.
- Gertraud Müller, op. cit., 410, points out at least two other blend-forms in the north, huo created in the territory lying between the hū and wō regions and hwuo created in the territory lying between the hwio and hwô regions.
- NDu. hoe does not, therefore, fit into the group of West Germanic forms which display an apparently sporadic loss of w after an initial consonant and before a following back vowel: OE, OFris. swēte, OHG swuozi, suozi, MDu. soete; OHG tuoh, NHG Tuch, NDu. doek *ðwoka, Skt. dhvajá ‘flag’; OE hw%omacr;sta, OHG huosto, NHG Husten, NDu. hoest ‘cough’. See M. J. van der Meer, op. cit., 90, 132.
- J. Franck, “Der Diphthong ea, ie im Althochdeutschen,” Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und Literatur, XL (1896), 20.
- Another possible formation immediately suggests itself: *hwē plus the locative -r yielding proto-Gmc. *hwē1r in OE hwǣr, OFris. hwēr, OHG hwâr ‘where’.
- For a review of other attempts to etymologize hwaiwa, see Feist, loc. cit.
- For other etymologies where *CXy produces *Ci, see Winfred Lehmann, Proto-Indo-European Phonology (Austin, 1952), 9.3, 9.4a.
- One would be tempted to set up *KwXw *kwū *hū for OE h hū. However, all of the etymological evidence points to *kwōu.
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