- L. S. Hultzén, “Voiceless Lenis Stops in Prevocalic Clusters,” Word XVIII (1962), pp. 307–312.
- This is not to say that “fortis” and “lenis” are meaningless, for the fact that phoneticians use the terms in a non-random way forces us to assume that they can ultimately be given physical interpretations.
- This is made explicit in a later paper by Halle, Hughes and Radley, “Acoustic Properties of Stop Consonants,” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America XXIX (Jan. 1957), pp. 107–116. However, a still later statement by Gunnar Fant (Acoustic Theory of Speech Production, Mouton and Co., s'Gravenhage, 1960, p. 279) makes a difference in pressure only one of several ways of effecting a tense-lax (=fortis-lenis) opposition, which is “defined by the noise duration.” This rather different statement of Fant's is quoted approvingly by Jakobson and Halle, “Tenseness and Laxness,” Roman Jakobson Selected Writings Vol. /., pp. 550–555, Mouton and Co., s'Gravenhage 1962).
- In a paper now in preparation Arthur S. Abramson and I will present extensive data to show that a single physical measure, the time relation between stop release and the onset of glottal periodicity, suffices to distinguish between /ptk/ and /bdg/ in word-initial position. Further, this same measure of “voicing lag” has a high resolving power when applied to a number of languages whose stop phoneme categories are variously located with respect to the phonetic dimensions of voicing, aspiration, tension and glottalization.
- Air pressure variations in the mouth were recorded by means of a Statham Pressure Transducer, Model P 23-BB, connected to a penwriter. The pressure-sensitive element, fixed to a catheter introduced through the nasal cavity into the mouth, was held in position above the glottis. The engineering and medical skills essential to making the recordings were provided by Robert J. Rosov and Malcolm M. Schvey respectively, both of the Haskins Laboratories.
- The expression “voiced stops” refers to the class of stops characterized by glottal vibration during the phase of pressure build-up in the mouth; it is not synonymous with “/bdg/”.
- These pressure measurements, reported privately by George Sholes, show a slightly higher average peak pressure for the post-/s/ stops than for either initial /ptk/ or initial /bdg/. The two latter classes of stops show equal values and are thus consistent with my own finding.
- Lötz, Abramson, Gerstman, Ingeman and Nemser, “The Perception of English Stops by Speakers of English, Spanish, Hungarian and Thai: a Tape Cutting Experiment,” Language and Speech III (1960), pp. 71–77; Reeds and Wang, “The Perception of Stops after s,” Phonetica VI (1961), pp. 78–81.
- Strictly speaking this is meaningless because one cannot segment the signal so as to be able to present in initial position all the acoustic features by which the /p/ in a word like rapid is identified. In the experiment referred to, the acoustic blank corresponding to the interval of /p/ closure was located on the spectogram of each test word, and the part of the signal preceding the blank was deleted.
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