- “Acoustical features of Estonian vowels pronounced in isolation and in three phonological degrees of length.” Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Toimetised XI, Series of social sciences 1962 No. 1, pp. 63–93.
- Ibid.
- “On the acoustic composition of Estonian vowels of three degrees of length”, in Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Toimetised XI, Series of social sciences 1962, No. 3, pp. 271–286.
- See Lehiste, “Segmental and Syllabic Quantity in Estonian” in American Studies in Uralic Linguistics, Vol. 1 of the Uralic and Altaic Series, Bloomington 1960, pp. 21–82.
- This appears also in some compounds, f.i. mesipuu [mesibu] ‘bee-hive’, Saksamaa [saksama] ‘Germany’, etc. See V. Tauli, Phonological Tendencies in Estonian (Det kongelige danske videnskabernes selskab. Historisk-filologiske meddelelser 36:1), København 1956.
- J. Mägiste, “Några ord om den estniska kvantiteten” (Meddelanden från seminarierna för slaviska sprôk, jämförande sprâkforskning och finsk-ugriska sprák vid Lands Universitet, Nr. 1) Lund 1951, pp. 5–12.
- Eesti Keele Foneetika (Tallinn, 1953), p. 92.
- The traditional Finno-Ugric transcription denotes the long degree by a stroke (ā) and the overlong by a circumflex (â).
- The degree of aperture of vowels between medium-high and high vocalic phonemes are denoted in different manners. We prefer here the grapheme u, the written form of the phoneme.
- L. Kettunen, Lautgeschichtliche Darstellung über den Vokalismus des kodaferschen Dialekts, Mémoires de la Société Finno-ougrienne XXXIV, Helsinki, 1913, p. 24: “Im bereich des estnischen werden wir gelegenheit haben mehrmals die tatsache zu konstatieren, dass ein überlanger vokal erheblich höher artikuliert ist als ein langer.” Cf. V. Tauli, op. cit., pp. 169–174.
- [o] instead of [u] in the possessive pronouns is attested in some western dialects. See A. Saareste, Eesti keele mõisteline sõnaraamat (Stockholm, 1959ff), p. 664 under ma.
- L. Kettunen, Lautgeschichtliche Untersuchung über den Kodaferschen Dialekt, Mémoires de la Société Finno-ougrienne XXXIII (Helsinki, 1913), p. 14 distinguishes in his dialect between several variants of u and marks the closed oo as û or ū (sû ~ soo), “das meines erachtens qualitativ dem u gleichzustellen ist.”
- op. cit., p. 97.
- Compare the Norwegian-Lappish personal pronoun l.p.sg. món, mun, mūm (Toivonen-Itkonen-Joki, Suomen kielen etymologinen sanakirja, Lexica societatis fennougricae XII (Helsinki, 1955), s.v. minä.
- P. Ariste, Eesti keele foneetika, p. 58.
- The form mu is employed in literary Estonian, and especially in Central Estonia, at the linguistic frontier between North and South. Cf. Saareste, cited in footnote 11.
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