- Leonard Bloomfield, Language (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1956), p. 119.
- W. Doroszewski i B. Wieczorkiewicz, ed., Gramatyka opisowa j¸zyka polskiego z ćwiczeniami (Warszawa: Państwowe Zaktady Wydawnictw Szkolnych, 1961), p. 58. Actually three pronunciations are given: [tš], [tš] and [čš]. The first and second pronunciations differ in the place of articulation of [t]. In the first case [t] is dental, in the Kcond it is alveolar.
- The linguistic interpretation of sound spectrograms has been widely covered in literature, e.g. Morris Halle, The Sound Pattern of Russian (The Hague: Mouton and Co., 1959), pages 86ff.—In this paper, the identification of sounds on the spectrograms followed the established practice. Thus the irregularly striated areas in higher frequencies were identified as fricatives, and the areas of absence of energy in frequencies higher than the ‘voice bar’ were identified as stops. A vertical line following the stop segment was identified as the release of the stop.
- Even though no systematic investigation was carried out for voiced [j] and its corresponding cluster [dž] as in dżungla, dżuma, dżdżysty and drzemać, drzazga it is easy to see from the spectrograms on Plate II that the situation is analogous to the relationship between [tš] and [tš]. The same could be said about [ts] and [ts], e.g., cel and mucha tse-tse, although the occurrence of the cluster [ts] is very limited in Polish if the position inside the morpheme is considered. The contrast between [3] and the cluster [dz] occurs at morpheme boundaries only.
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