- Charles C. Fries and Kenneth L. Pike, “Coexistent Phonemic Systems,” Language XXV (1949), 31, say, “… two or more phonemic systems may coexist within a single dialect, even though one or more of these systems may be highly fragmentary.”
- Jan Endzelin, Altpreussische Grammatik (Riga, 1944), p. 40, noted that many of the vacillations in the orthography of Old Prussian were a result of dialect mixture. Perhaps Abel Will's informant spoke according to the conservative system when he spoke carefully, but according to the innovating system when he spoke at average speed.
- “The Alternation e/a in Old Prussian: A Phonemic Interpretation,” Annali, Istituto Orientale di Napoli I (1959), 191–195.
- Ibid., 194.
- If there was a contrast between /e/ and /a/ it must have been very marginal, occurring only in initial position. In standard Lithuanian the situation is somewhat similar, but here we must suppose that /e/ and /a/ are two phonemes because they contrast in initial position, cf. Antanas Klimas and William R. Schmalstieg, “A Note on the Vocalic Phonemes of Lithuanian,” The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. XLI (1962), 245–246. The point is that in OP (as in standard Lithuanian) palatalization of consonants is phonemic: [a] occurs only after unpalatalized consonants and [e] occurs only after palatalized consonants. It may be necessary to set up an OP system with /a/ vs. /e/, bul only if it can be proved that the contrast existed in initial position.
- Reinhold Trautmann, Die altpreussischen Sprachdenkmäler (Göttingen, 1910), p. 185.
- Ibid., 196.
- In Lithuanian the etymological short /e/ and /a/ have been lengthened under certain conditions, probably originally in an open syllable. But in a few words in standard Lithuanian the old original short vowel remains, e.g. tàvo ‘your (sg.)’, màno ‘my’ (as opposed to māno ‘(he) thinks’), sàvo ‘third person reflexive possessive’.
- Altpreussische Grammatik, p. 27.
- A. Laigonaité, “Dèi lietuvių kalbos kirčio ir priegaidės supratimo,” Kalbotyra I(1958), 71–100.
- Roughly speaking one might say that the Lithuanian syllabic pitch stress is just the opposite of that which is assumed for Common Baltic, i.e. the Lithuanian rising (circumflex) = Common Baltic falling, whereas the Lithuanian falling (acute) = Common Baltic rising.
- Cf. A. Salys, Lietuvių kalbos tarmės, p. 7.
- Altpreussische Grammatik, p. 40.
- Ibid., p. 134.
- Salys, op. cit., p. 57.
- op. cit., p. 145.
- Op cit., p. 41.
- Jan Endzelin, Latviešu valodas gramatika (Riga, 1951), p. 768.
- Die preussische Sprache (Strassburg, 1896), p. 150.
- Cf. André Martinet, “Non-Apophonic O-Vocalism in Indo-European,” Word IX (1953), 253–267 and Jan Endzelin, “Was ist im altpreussischen aus ide. ō (und ā) geworden?” Studi Baltici IV (1934–35), 135–149.
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