- Poetics, XXII.
- See Bohuslav Havránek, “The Functional Differentiation of the Standard Language,” pp. 9ff. and Jan Mukařvský, “Standard Language and Poetic Language,” pp. 21ff. in A Prague School Reader, tr. and ed. by Paul L. Garvin (Wash., D.C., 1958).
- See Iván Fónagy, “Communication in Poetry,” Word XVII (1961), 201 and passim.
- This is its fundamental application. In what follows, it is applied somewhat more broadly.
- Obviously, phonology is involved in features like rhyme and alliteration. But phonology may also be employed to produce non-”conventional” structures. For an example, see Dell H. Hymes, “Phonological Aspects of Style: Some English Sonnets,” in Style in Language, ed. by Thomas A. Sebeok (New York, 1960), pp. 109–131.
- More precisely, deviation with respect to norms that are internal and external to the poem.
- The two types of deviation, internal and external, thus differ from the two types of contrast described by Michael Riffaterre, “Stylistic Context,” Word XVI (1960), 207–218, in that contrasts effected in both the micro- and macrocontexts of Riffaterre's analysis would be, equally, instances of internal deviation in the scheme presented here. Also different are Walter Alfred Koch's “inner” and “outer” styles, “On the Principles of Stylistics,” Lingua XII (1963), 418. Style is “inner” according to Koch if the criteria used in describing the particular item are morphological, “outer” if the criteria are syntactic or distributional.
- Miss Moore's departure from the typographic conventions of poetry does yield a gain, however. As long as the type of letter in line-initial position is not determined by any conventional conditions, it is possible to manage the line so that words which in the ordinary language orthography are capitalized may be placed initially and thus made prominent. A telling example occurs in her poem “The Steeple-Jack,” Collected Poems (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1951). The relevant lines, beginning with stanza 5, are:
- A steeple-jack in red, has let a rope down as a spider spins a thread; he might be part of a novel, but on the sidewalk a sign says C. J. Poole, Steeple-Jack, in black and white; and one in red and white says
- Danger. The church portico has four fluted columns,….
- Edward Sapir, “Abnormal Types of Speech in Nootka,” in Selected Writings of Edward Sapir in Language, Culture and Personality, Ed. by David G. Mandelbaum (Berkeley, Calif., 1949), p. 188.
- See my article, “Deviation—Statistical and Determinate—in Poetic Language,” Lingua XII (1963), 276–290.
- Life Studies (New York: Vintage Books, 1956).
- It may frequently happen that a given feature is both internally and externally deviant. This would be true of a word order, for example, that is not an output of the grammar and is at the same time internally deviant.
- Considering these sequences from the standpoint of external norms. Naturally, a context, setting up internal norms, could affect our relative expectations.
- Cf. Warren Plath, “Mathematical Linguistics,” in Trends in European and American Linguistics 1930–1960 (Utrecht, 1961), Ed. by Christine Mohrmann, Alf Sommerfelt and Joshua Whatmough, pp. 27–30
- Cf. Colin Cherry, On Human Communication (New York, 1961), p. 39.
- To be more precise, statistical investigation would result in assigning a probability of zero to the sequence, but the assignment would have no significance, since other sequences, including many which might and many which might not strike us as novel, would be the same (zero) probability assignment.
- Jerrold J. Katz and Jerry A. Fodor, “The Structure of a Semantic Theory,” Language XXXIX (1963), 170–210; see also Jerrold J. Katz and Paul M. Postal, An Integrated Theory of Linguistic Descriptions (M. I. T. Press, 1964).
- Noam Chomsky, “Some Methodological Remarks on Generative Grammar,” Word XVII (1961), 263ff.
- We may omit consideration of the metaphor in this line.
- Syntactic and paradigmatic violation are types of what Paul Ziff calls variants and inventions, respectively; “On Understanding ‘Understanding Utterances’,” in The Structure of Language, Ed. by Jerry A. Fodor and Jerrold J. Katz (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1964), pp. 396ff.
- These would also be inventions in Ziff's terminology.
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