- E.g., for Spanish, the Gramática de la lengua castellana of the Real Academia Española (Madrid, 1931), §70.i, §77, and §219.e, and a host of school-grammars, such as Prof. De Agra Cadarsa, Lengua española (Madrid, 1963), p. 128; for Portuguese, such works as Joseph Dunn, A Grammar of the Portuguese Language (London, 1930), §299, p. 291, or Ernesto Carneiro Ribeiro, Serões grammaticaes ou Nova grammatica Portu- gueza (6th ed.; Bahia, 1955), p. 280.
- E.g., S. Puşcariu, Die rumänische Sprache, ihr Wesen und ihre Prägung (Leipzig, 1943), pp. 154, 289–290; S. Pop, Grammaire roumaine (Bern, 1948), pp. 128–129; C. Bazell, “Has Roumanian a Third Gender?” Cahiers Sextil Puscariu I (1952), 77–85, and “The Roumanian Neuter: A Rejoinder,” ibid. II (1953), 52–55; I. Pǎtruţ, “Despre genul ‘neutru’ in limba romînǎ;,” Cercetǎri de Lingvisticǎ I (1956), 29–40, and “Sur le genre ‘neutre’ en roumain,” Mélanges linguistiques (Bucharest, 1957), pp. 291–306. In “The Roumanian Neuter,” Neuphilologische Mitteilungen XXXVIII (1938), 273–275, C. Bazell uses the term neuter, but argues against recognizing it as a gender or as a semantic category involving “l'idée d'inanimé” (Graur).
- E.g., E. Bourciez, Eléments de linguistique romane (Paris, 1923), §484.c, p. 547; George O. Seiver, Introduction to Roumanian (New York, 1953), §§69, 75, pp. 15–16.
- By a great many grammarians and linguists in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries: e.g., R. Torceanu, A Simplified Grammar of the Roumanian Language (London, 1883), p. 10; H. Tiktin, “Die rumänische Sprache,” in Gröbers Grundriss der romanischen Philologie I (1st ed.; Strassburg, 1888), 451, and Rumänisches Elementarbuch (Heidelberg, 1905), §§189-194, pp. 84–85; Al. Graur, “Les substantifs neutres en roumain,” Romania LIV (1928), 249–260; L. Spitzer, “Feminización del neutro,” Nueva Revista de Filologáa Hispánica III (1941), 339–371; Al. Graur, “Contributions à l'étude du genre personnel en roumain,” Bulletin Linguistique XIII (1945), 97–104; L. Spitzer, notice of C. Bazell, “Has Roumanian a Third Gender?” (cf. fn. 2, above), in Word IX (1953), 302–304; K. Togeby, “Le problème du neutre roumain,” Cahiers Sextil Puşcariu I (1952), 256–268, with notice by B. Pottier, Romania LXXV (1954), 285–286, “Le neutre en roumain et en albanais,” CSP II (1953), 121–131, and “A Note on the Roumanian Artide and Neuter,” CSP II (1953), 165–166; J. J. Bujor, “GenuI substantivelor in limba romînǎ,” Limba Romînǎ IV (1955), 51–64; I. Coteanu, “Despre pluralul substantivelor neutre în romineşte,” Limbǎ şI Literaturǎ (Bucureşti, 1955), 103–157; Al. Graur, “Discuţii în jurul genului neutru,” Viaţa romîneascǎ 1957, No. 5, 147–150; Al. Rosetti, “Despre genul neutra şi genul personal în lîmba romînǎ,” Studii şi Cercetǎri Lingvistice VIII (1957), 407–415; R. Jakobson, “On the Roumanian Neuter,” Mélanges Petrovici (Cluj, 1958), pp. 237–238; Al. Rosetti, “Remarques sur la catégorie du neutre en roumain,” Studia Linguistica XIII (1959), 133–136; Al. Graur, “Desinenţa pluralului la neutrele romîneşti,” SCL XI (1960), 169–173, and “La désinence des pluriels neutres en roumain,” Revue Linguistique V (1960), 245–249.
- From W. Meyer-Lübke, Italienische Grammatik (Leipzig, 1890), §341, p. 193, to C. H. Grandgent, From Latin to Italian (Cambridge, Mass., 1927), §163.2, p. 131; M. A. Pei, The Italian Language (New York, 1941), §107, pp. 74–76; and G. Rohlfs, Historische Grammatik der italienischen Sprache II (Bern, 1948), §§383-384, pp. 80–85.
- G. Bonfante, “Esiste il neutro in italiano?” Quaderni dell'Istituto di Glottologia dell'Università di Bologna VI (1961), 103–109; “Il neutro italiano, rumeno e albanese,” Acta Philologica III (1964), 27–29. Cf. also B. Migliorini's reply, “Esiste il neutro in italiano?” Synteleia Arrangio-Ruiz (Nàpoli, 1964), pp. 307–309.
- Cf. Wm. W. Goodwin, An Elementary Greek Grammar (Boston, 1890 and later editions), §139.2, p. 199; W. G. Hale and C. D. Buck, A Latin Grammar (Boston and London, 1903), §249.2, p. 141.
- Note that we are taking expressions like lo bello ‘the beautiful’ as consisting of PRONOUN (HEAD) + ADJECTIVE (ATTRIBUTE); this analysis is justified by the parallelism of lo bello and similar constructions with lo de mi abuelo (cf. above) and with lo cansada (f.sg.), which is to be regarded as a double-based transformation of estoy cansada ‘I(f.) am tired’ + lo estoy ‘I am (it, i.e., tired)’.
- Cf. the Gramática of the Real Academia Española (§70): “Con los pronombres neutros ello y lo, que son de tercera persona, se suple un concepto, ya expresado o sobrentendido.”
- The last example is from R. Menéndez Pidal, La Chanson de Roland y el neotradicionalismo (Madrid, 1959), p. 58.
- A number of these nouns have parallel m.pl. formations, normally with non-literal or otherwise specialized meaning: e.g. bracci ‘arms (of the sea)'; muri ‘walls (of a house)’, as opposed to mura ‘walls (of a city)’.
- Cf. P. Aebischer, “Les pluriels analogiques en -ora dans les chartes latines de l'Italie,” Bulletin du Cange VIII (1933), 5–76.
- Cf. E. Schwan and D. Behrens, Grammaire de Vancien franfais, trans. O. Bloch (Leipzig, 1932), §283.4, p. 159; W. Meyer-Lübke, Historische Grammatik der franzosischen Sprache I (4th ed.: Heidelberg, 1933), 183.
- Cf. the references given in fn. 5.
- As recognized by historical grammarians since W. Meyer-Lübke, Grammatik der romanischen Sprachen II (Leipzig, 1890–1901), §36, no matter what the immediate source of the -i replacing -e may be.
- For the development of PRom. /-e/ and,/-i/, cf. R. A. Hall Jr., “Latin -s (-es, -äs, -os) in Italian,” Romance Philology XV (1961/62), 234–244.
- C. C. Blaylock, “Hispanic Metaphony,” Romance Philology XVIII (1964/65), 253–271.
- It has been proposed (Dr. Valeria Gutu-Romalo, personal communication) to eliminate nouns of the type cerneala ~ cerneluri from our consideration, by treating of each of them as involving two separate nouns, one belonging to the -ä (or -e) declension in the singular and having no plural, and the other belonging to the -uri declension in the plural and having no singular. Such a solution would, however, be quite artificial, and would neglect the obvious semantic relation between the singular and the plural of these nouns.
- A term well known in traditional Greek and Latin grammars, such as Goodwin, An Elementary Greek Grammar, §60, pp. 49–50; Hale and Buck, A Latin Grammar, §106, p. 52, and almost all others.
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