- For references to actual attempts to axiomatize theories of empirical science, see Carl G. Hempel, Fundamentals of Concept Formation in Empirical Science (Chicago, 1955), p. 81, n. 24.
- Ferdinand de Saussure, Cours de linguistique générale (Paris, 1949).
- Karl Bühler, “Die Axiomatik der Sprachwissenschaften,” Kantstudien, XXXVIII (Berlin, 1933), 19–90. See also his Sprachtheorie (Jena, 1934).
- Louis Hjelmslev, Omkring sprogteoriens grundlæggelse (Copenhagen, 1943).
- Leonard Bloomfield, “A Set of Postulates for the Science of Language,” Language, II (1926), 153–164.
- Roman Jakobson, Preliminaries to Speech Analysis: The Distinctive Features and Their Correlates (Cambridge, Mass., 1952).
- Martin Joos, “Description of Language Design,” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, XXII (1950), 701–708.
- Zellig S. Harris, Methods in Structural Linguistics (Chicago, 1951).
- André Martinet, “La double articulation linguistique,” Travaux du cercle linguistique de Copenhague, V (1949), 30–37.
- Bernard Bloch, “A Set of Postulates for Phonemic Analysis,” Language, XXIV (1948), 1–46.
- J. W. Goethe, Sprüche in Prosa, ed. v. Loeper (Berlin, 1860), no. 916.
- See n. 3.
- See, for instance, Leonard Bloomfield, “Language or Ideas?” Language, XII (1936), 89–95.
- Louis Hjelmslev, Recherches structurales (Copenhagen, 1949).
- Knud Togeby, Structure immanente de la langue française (Copenhagen, 1951).
- Louis Hjelmslev, Prolegomena to a Theory of Language, trans. Francis J. Whitfield (Baltimore, 1953).
- Charles E. Bazell, Linguistic Form (Istanbul, 1951), pp. 107–117.
- International Journal of American Linguistics, XVIII (1952), 86–99.
- Language, XXVII (1951), 554–570.
- Language, XXIX (1953), 165–175.
- Word, IX (1953), 78–82.
- Language, XXVII (1951), 211–222.
- Language, XXX (1954), 69–96.
- B. Siertsema, A Study of Glossematics (The Hague, 1955).
- Prolegomrna, p.8
- Ibid., p. 9.
- Ibid., p. 10.
- Garvin, p. 71
- Siertsema, p. 60.
- Ibid., pp. 59–64.
- G. H. Woodger, The Technique of Theory Construction (Chicago, 1956), p. 6.
- “When we turn to questions of application and testing, however, we at once require reference to the subject matter and so enter the province of semantics.” ibid., p. 8.
- Siertsema, pp. 58–59.
- Ibid., p. 59.
- See André Martinet, “Au sujet des fondements de la théorie linguistique de Louis Hjelmslev,” Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris, XLII (1946), 36; Eli Fischer Jørgensen, review of Louis Hjelmslev, Omkring sprogteoriens grundæggelse, in Nordisk Tidsskrift for Tale og Stemme, VII (1943), 84; and Siertsema, pp. 38–39
- See secs. 6 and 7 of this article for an analysis of these rules.
- Cf. our forthcoming article “The Empirical Principle.”
- Prolegomena, p. 10.
- See the quotation at the top of p. 87.
- Prolegomena, p. 10.
- Garvin, p. 71.
- Siertsema, p. 61.
- Prolegomena, p. 8.
- Ibid., p. 10.
- Siertsema, pp. 59–64.
- Garvin, p. 72.
- Prolegomena, p. 10.
- Prolegomena, p. 8.
- This is based on our conviction that the so-called “empirical principle” affords no intrinsic means of verification, since the possibility of administering the three tests—non-contradictoriness, exhaustiveness, simplicity—is determined precisely by reference to empirical data.
- Raymond L. Wilder, “The Axiomatic Method,” in The World of Mathematics, ed. James R. Newman (New York, 1956), p. 1660.
- Ibid.
- Richard von Mises, “Mathematical Postulates and Human Understanding,” in The World of Mathematics, pp. 1732–1733.
- Mises, p. 1733; italicized in original. We have not insisted on this point here.
- Prolegomena, p. 12.
- Ibid., pp. 12–13.
- Prolegomena, p. 12.
- On nominal definition, see Hempel, Fundamentals, pp. 2–6; on real definition, see ibid., pp. 6–14; on nominal definition within theoretical systems, see ibid., pp. 14–20.
- Ibid., p. 15.
- Ibid., p. 17.
- Ibid.
- Ibid., p. 18.
- Ibid.
- See the quotation at the top of p. 87.
- Ibid., p. 64.
- Prolegomena, p. 14.
- Ibid., p. 8.
- Ibid., p. 10.
- Siertsema, p. 61.
- Ibid.
- Garvin, p. 71.
- Mises, pp. 1742–1744.
- Cf., for instance, Hjelmslev's statement quoted on p. 98 about linguistic theory being nothing but “a purely deductive system” with the following characterization of the concept of formal sciences by Nagel: “Formal sciences are characterized by the fact that their sole principles of procedure are the rules of logic as well as by the further fact that their theorems are not ‘about’ some phase of the existing world but are ‘about’ whatever is postulated by thought.” (“The formation of modern conceptions of formal logic in the development of geometry,” Osiris, VIII [1939], 169.)
- Mises, p. 1742; italics ours.
- Ibid., pp. 1742–1743.
- Idbi, p.1743.
- Ibid. See also n. 89.
- Ibid.
- Ibid., p. 1744; italics his.
- On this question, see par. 12, “Is logic a matter of convention?” in Rudolf Carnap, Foundations of Logic and Mathematics (Chicago, 1953), pp. 26–29.
- Prolegomena, p. 10.
- Ibid., p. 8.
- Ibid.
- Alfred Jules Ayer, Language, Truth and Logic (New York, 1936), p. 35.
- See Siertsema, pp. 59–64.
- Prolegomena, p. 8; discussed in another context on the preceding page of this article.
- Carl G. Hempel, “Geometry and Empirical Science,” in The World of Mathematics, p. 1643; italics and sentence within brackets ours.
- Wilder, p. 1661—editor's note, printed within brackets in original; italics ours.
- Mises, p. 1730.
- Ibid., pp. 1744–1745. Concerning the relation of mathematics to reality, see Ferdinand Gonseth, Les Mathématiques et la Réalité (Paris, 1936).
- “A decision about whether one or the other of the logical systems is ‘right’ is impossible. It is only the usefulness of a specific system for the representation of observable phenomena which can prove it to be more or less expedient.” (Mises, p. 1736).
- Prolegomena, p. 8.
- Ibid.
- Ibid., p. 6–9
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- See our forthcoming article “The Empirical Principle.”
- Prolegomena, p. 6.
- See p. 93.
- Hans Reichenbach, The Rise of Scientific Philosophy (Berkeley, 1956), p. 230.
- Ibid., p. 9.
- Ibid., p. 12.
- Ibid., p. 8.
- Ibid.
- Ibid., p. 9; italics ours.
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