- These studies were begun at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences where both authors were fellows in 1958–59 and 1964–65. We are grateful to the Social Science Research Council and to the Carnegie Corporation of New York, who have directly and indirectly supported our work. We wish to thank Mr. Duane Martin for his assistance with computations and with the programming and running of the subsequent factor analyses. Studies I and II appeared in Word, XX (1964), 157–177.
- For a detailed account of the semantic differential, see Charles E. Osgood, George J. Suci, and Percy H. Tannenbaum, The Measurement of Meaning (Urbana, 1957).
- See Joseph H. Greenberg and James J. Jenkins, “Studies in the Psychological Correlates of the Sound System of American English: II. Distinctive Features and Psychological Space,” Word, XX (1964), 170–177.
- The majority of subjects in these experiments were from the Minneapolis-St. Paul region and presumably had a “medio-palatal r” that should be classified phonetically as a continuant. The agreement, however, on such judgments as male-female with Fonágy's subjects, who were Hungarian and presumably had a rolled r, cited later in this article, is remarkable and suggests a degree of psychological unity among the phonetically diverse r sounds.
- The Thurstone diagonal method is explained in Osgood, Suci, and Tannenbaum, pp. 332–335. A standard treatment of methods of factor analysis in general is Harry H. Harman, Modern Factor Analysis (Chicago, 1960).
- The tables of data for this and subsequent analyses are to be found in Tables 6–10 in the appendix accompanying Part III of this article.
- Ivan Fonágy, Die Metaphern in der Phonetik; ein Beitrag zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des wissenschaftlichen Denkens (The Hague, 1963).
- Stanley S. Newman, “Further Experiments in Phonetic Symbolism,” American Journal of Psychology, XLV (1933), 53–75.
- Hermann Tesmer, Experimentalle euphonische Untersuchungen einzelner Vokale und Silben (Halle, 1933).
- Robert C. Givler, “The Psycho-physiological Effect of the Element of Speech in Relation to Poetry,” Psychological Monographs, XIX, No. 2 (1915).
- Louis Roblee and M.F. Washburn, “The Affective Values of Articulate Sounds,” American Journal of Psychology, XXIII (1912), 579–583.
- These analyses and the corresponding diagonal analyses based on vowels as variables with scales as observations are available from the writers.
- Roblee and Washburn, pp. 579–583.
- Edward Sapir, “A Study in Phonetic Symbolism,” Journal of Experimental Psychology, XII (1929), 225–239.
- Newman, pp. 53–75.
- Maxime Chastaing, “La Brillance des Voyelles,” Archivum Linguisticum, XIV (1962), 1–13.
- Gladys A. Reichard, Roman Jakobson, and Elisabeth Werth, “Language and Synesthesia,” Word, V (1949), 224–233.
- David I. Masson, “Synesthesia and Sound Spectra,” Word, VIII (1952), 39–41.
- Maxime Chastaing, “Le Symbolisme des Voyelles, Significations des ‘I,’ Part II,” Journal de Psychologie Normale et Pathologique, LV (1958), 461–481.
- Ibid., p. 470.
- See n.7.
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