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Original Articles

The Adequacy of Context-Free Phrase-Structure Grammars

Pages 276-293 | Published online: 16 Jun 2015

  • Gilbert H. Harman, “Generative Grammars Without Transformation Rules,” Language, XXXIX (1963), 597–616. Quotations are from p. 597.
  • Yehoshua Bar-Hillel and Eliyahu Shamir, “Finite State Languages: Formal Representation and Adequacy,” in Yehoshua Bar-Hillel, Language and Information (Reading, Mass., 1964), pp. 94–97; Noam Chomsky, “Formal Properties of Grammars,” in R. Duncan Luce, Robert R. Bush, and Eugene Galanter (eds.), Handbook of Mathematical Psychology 11 (New York, 1963), 378–379; Paul M. Postal, “Limitations of Phrase Structure Grammars,” in Jerry A. Fodor and Jerrold J. Katz (eds.), The Structure of Language (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1964), pp. 145–151.
  • Noam Chomsky, “Current Issues in Linguistic Theory,” in Fodor and Katz, pp. 501–18.
  • Ibid., p. 62.
  • Ibid., pp. 62–63, n. 8.
  • Ibid., p. 63.
  • Ibid.
  • See Harman, pp. 599–600, and the references contained therein.
  • Ibid.
  • Ibid., pp. 600–602.
  • Noam Chomsky, “On the Notion ‘Rule of Grammar,’” in Fodor and Katz, p. 128.
  • Harman, p. 601.
  • Ibid., pp. 602–603.
  • But see Robert P. Stockwell in a review in Language, XLI (1965), 161–162.
  • Chomsky, “Formal Properties of Grammars,” p. 379.
  • Noam Chomsky, Syntactic Structures (The Hague, 1962), p. 21.
  • Ibid., p. 22.
  • Ibid., p. 23. Chomsky's suggestion that “they can often be made less strange by replacing ‘if’ by ‘whenever,’ ‘on the assumption that, “if it is the case that,’ etc.” does not seem to make these examples any the less strange.
  • Ibid.
  • Postal, particularly pp. 149 ff.
  • Ibid., pp. 148–149.
  • Chomsky, “Formal Properties of Grammars,” pp. 378–379.
  • See n. 2.
  • “Formal Properties of Grammars,” pp. 378–379.
  • Noam Chomsky, Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (Cambridge, Mass., 1965), pp. 210–211, n. 4.
  • See n. 1.
  • GG, p. 599.
  • Ibid., n. 9.
  • Ibid., pp. 610–611.
  • Aspects, p. 210.
  • See, for example, Aspects, p. 37.
  • Aspects, pp. 196–197.
  • Ibid., p. 196.
  • Victor H. Yngve, “A Model and an Hypothesis for Language Structure,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, CIV (1960), 444–466.
  • GG, p. 609.
  • Chomsky notes that my rule 3i (GG, p. 613) is left recursive. This is my error. The rule ought to have been written as right recursive.
  • In preparing this article, I have benefited from comments by a number of people. Jam particularly grateful to Paul Benacerraf, Thomas R. Hoffman, and Victor H. Yngve.

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