- Leonard Bloomfield, Language (New York, 1933), pp. 453ff.
- Uriel Weinreich, Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems (The Hague, 1964), §2.37 (pp. 44–46).
- Carroll E. Reed, “The Gender of English Loan Words in Pennsylvania German,” American Speech, XVII (1940), 25–29.
- A. W. Aron, “The Gender of English Loan Words in Pennsylvania German,” Curme Volume of Linguistic Studies [=Language Monographs 7] (Baltimore, 1931).
- George T. Flom, “The Gender of English Loanwords in Norse Dialects in America: A Contribution to the Study of the Development of Grammatical Gender,” Journal of English and Germanic Philology, V (1903/05), 1–31.
- Weinreich, p. 45.
- Ibid.
- One of the few counts of this general type is the one done for Turkish morphemes over a three-year period by Joe E. Pierce and described in “A Statistical Study of Grammar and Lexicon in Turkish and Sahaptin (Klikita),” International Journal of American Linguistics, XXIX (1963), 96–106. He assembled, sampled, and counted some 100,000 out of 2,000,000 words taken from written corpora and of over 137,000 words taken from taped conversations; he did not consider, however, the particular variety of linguistic styles. The low frequency of nouns and the striking statistical disparity between written and spoken language in Turkish are illustrated by the fact that, among the first 20 words of highest frequency, only two each from the written and the spoken corpora were nouns (each pair being distinct); furthermore, the two sets of 20 words overlapped only in about 70 percent of the cases. I would expect both of these phenomena to be slightly less pronounced in a similar count done for German, though still striking.
- Such more or less ephemeral borrowing is of course a commonplace of bilingual practice, and it does not matter in the least to what extent a given informant has acquired this habit. Even the most rabid purist responds readily and positively enough with a specific gender allotment when called upon to do so.
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