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Original Articles

A Case of Structural Interference across Sensory Modalities in Second-Language Learning

Pages 102-118 | Published online: 16 Jun 2015

  • Marcel L. Goldschmid and Peter L. Bentier, Concept Assessment Kit: Conversation (San Diego, Calif.: Educational and Industrial Testing Service, 1968).
  • See, for example, Ursula Bellugi and Susan Fisher, “A Comparison of Sign Language and Spoken Language: Rate and Grammatical Mechanisms,” Cognition, I (1974), 173–200.
  • The sign language referred to throughout this article is the one used by the American deaf when communicating among themselves, sometimes called Ameslan. It is quite distinct from finger spelling and from Signed English, an imitation of English syntax employed sometimes when signing to hearing persons and also sometimes when giving oneself practice in the ways in which symbols are combined in English.
  • Cf. Susan Fischer, “Two Processes of Reduplication in American Sign Language,” Foundations of Language, IX (1974), 469–80.
  • Cf. Susan Fischer, “Topic-comment Constructions in Sign Language” (unpublished paper), and Richard Lacy, “Norma Copies-around Sentences and Norma Copies-around Constituents Copies-around” (unpublished paper).
  • Even though some inflections may be realized only as phonological modifications of adjacent parts of the word inflected, the part so affected also seems to occupy a moment of time unto itself.
  • Peyton H. Todd, “From Sign Language to Speech: Delayed Acquisition of English by a Hearing Child of Deaf Parents” (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of California, Berkeley, 1972), pp. 45–51 and 55–61.
  • See n. 4 above.
  • Fischer, “Topic-comment Constructions,”
  • See n. 5 above.
  • See, for example, Heinz Werner and Bernard Kaplan, Symbol Formation: An Organismic-Developmental Approach to Language and the Expression of Thought (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1963) pp. 150–154, and Lois M. Bloom, One Word at a Time: The Use of Single Word Utterances before Syntax (The Hague: Mouton, 1973).
  • Some of these utterances, in fact, seem fairly straightforward (e.g., I show I don't- want play water=”l want to show [= tell] mama that I don't want to play in the water any more”).
  • See Roger Brown, “The First Sentences of Child and Chimpanzee,” in Psycho-linguistics: Selected Papers by Roger Brown (New York: Free Press, 1970), pp. 208–231.
  • See Susan Fischer, “Sign Language and Linguistic Universals,” in Actes du Colloque Franco-allemand de Grammaire Transformationelle. Études de Semantique et Autres, ed. Christian Rohrer and Nicolas Ruwet, II (Tubingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, 1974), pp. 187–204.
  • See Heidi C. Dulay and Marina K. Burt, “Natural Sequences in Child Second Language Acquisition,” Language Learning, XXIV (1974), 37–53; and N. Bailey, C. Madden, and Stephen D. Krashen, “Is There a ‘Natural Sequence’ in Adult Second Language Learning?” Language Learning, XXIV (1974), 235–243.
  • See Dan I. Slobin, “Cognitive Prerequisites for the Development of Grammar,” in Studies of Child Language Development, ed. Charles A. Ferguson and Dan I. Slobin (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1973), pp. 175–208.
  • See H. C. Dulay and M. K. Burt, “Errors and Strategies in Child Language Acquisition,” TESOL Quarterly, VIII (1974), 129–136.
  • See Vivian J. Cook, “The Comparison of Language Development in Native Children and Foreign Adults,” International Review of Applied Linguistics, XI (1973), 13–28; and J. C. Richards, “Error Analysis and Second Languages Strategies,”Language Sciences, XVII (1971), 12–22.
  • Discussed in Roger Brown and Ursula Bellugi, “Three Processes in a Child's Acquisition of Syntax,” Harvard Educational Review, XXXIV (1964), 133–151.
  • Discussed in Roger Brown, “Development of the First Language in the Human Species,” American Psychologist, XXVIII (Feb., 1973), 97–106.
  • See Heidi C. Dulay and Marina K. Burt, “A New Perspective on the Creative Construction Process in Child Second Language Acquisition,” Language Learning, XXIV (1974), 253–278.
  • See n. 21 above.
  • Dulay and Burt, “Errors and Strategies,” p. 132.
  • See Todd (n. 7 above).
  • Dulay and Burt calculated the percent of errors rather than the percent of utterances. Regrettably, this is as close as we can come to their measure at the present time.
  • Susan M. Ervin-Tripp, “Is Second Language Learning like the First?” TESOL Quarterly, VIII (1974), 111–127.

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