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WORD Volume 27, 1971 - Issue 1-3: Child Language--1975
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Original Articles

Some Stages in the Acquisition of Questions by Monolingual Children

Henning WodeEnglisches Seminar der Universität KielKielWest Germany
Pages 261-310 | Published online: 16 Jun 2015

  • I. A. Gheorgov, “Ein Beitrag zur grammatischen Entwicklung der Kindersprache,” Arch. ges. Psychol. (1908), 242–432.
  • Velta Ruke-Dravina, Zur Sprachentwicklung bei Kleinkindern: 1. Syntax: Beitrag auf der Grundlage lettischen Sprachmaterials (Lund, 1963).
  • My own data; Clara Stern and William Stern, Die Kindersprache: Eine psychologische und sprachtheoretische Untersuchung (Darmstadt, 1965); and other studies.
  • Edward S. Klima and Ursula Bellugi-Klima, “Syntactic Regularities in the Speech of Children,” in Child Language: A Book of Readings, ed. Aaron Bar-Adon and Werner F. Leopold (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1971); Roger Brown, “The Development of wh-Questions in Child Speech,” Journal of Verbal learning and Verbal Behaviour, VII (1968), 279–290; and Wick Miller, “The Acquisition of Grammatical Rules by Children,” in Studies of Child Language Development, ed. Charles A. Ferguson and Dan I. Slobin (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1973), pp. 380–406.
  • Kenneth Lange and Sven Larsson, “Syntactical Development of a Swedish Girl Embla between 20 and 24 Months of Age: Part I, Age 20–25 Mo. Project Child Language Syntax Report I. (Stockholm: Stockholms Universitet, Institutionen für Nordiska Spräk, 1973).
  • Melissa Bowerman, Early Syntactic Development: A Cross-linguistic Study with Special Reference to Finnish (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1973).
  • See, for instance, Stern and Stern (n. 3), and Gheorghov (n. 1 above).
  • See n. 4 above.
  • See my “The First Questions in Child Language,” “The Acquisition of Interrogative Syntax in Child Language,” and “The Acquisition of Interrogative Pronouns” (all in preparation).
  • Joseph H. Greenberg, “Some Universals of Grammar with Particular Reference to the Order of Meaningful Elements,” in Universals of Language, ed. Joseph H. Greenberg, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1966), pp. 73–113.
  • For details on the data, the project, and some results that have come out of it, see my “Natürliche Zweitsprachigkeit: Probleme, Aufgaben, Perspektiven,” Linguistische Berichte, XXXII (1974), 15–36, and “Grammatical Intonation in Child Language: A Case from German and some Complaints,” Arbeitspapiere zum Spracherwerb Nr. 2, Englisches Seminar der Universität Kiel, and my papers cited in n. 9. See also Henning Wode and T. Schmitz, “Some Developmental Trends in the Acquisition of Negation in Several Languages,” Arbeitspapiere zum Spracherwerb Nr. 3, Englisches Seminar der Universität Kiel.
  • For details on child +INTER intonation in German, see my “Grammatical Intonation” and my “First Questions.” See nn. 9 and 11 above.
  • The figures on the left serve project internal data retrieval purposes. The lower figures give the month, day, and year of occurrence.
  • For my German data I use the following abbreviations: I.: Inga; L.: Lars; F.: Father (in the speech of I. and L. mostly referred to by his first name, Henning); M.: Mother; B.: Birgit, peer sister to I. and L.; and H.: Heiko, peer brother to I. and L.
  • The intonation for my own German data (i.e., for Inga and Lars) is represented as follows: ‘high pendant, low pendant, ‘falling center,’ rising center,—post-contour, and / pause. For details see my “Grammatical Intonation.” Some examples below will not be provided with an intonational transcription. These instances are taken from the written notes. Sometimes, for obvious reasons, the intonation was missed and only the segmental material could be noted.
  • See, for example, G. Lindner, Aus dem Naturgarten der Kindersprache: Ein Beitrag zur kindlichen Sprach- und Geistesentwicklung in den ersten vier Lebensjahren (Leipzig, 1898); H. Neugebauer, “Sprachliche Eigenbildungen meines Sohes,” Zeitschrift Kinderforsch., XIX (1914), 174–181, 242–246, and 360–370; H. Neugebauer, “Aus der Sprachentwicklung meines Sohnes,” Zeitschrift angew. Psychol, IX (1915), 298–306; H. Tügel, “Sechzehn Monate Kindersprache,” Beitr. Kinderforsch., Heilerziehung, XIII (1905); Ernst Scupin and Gertrud Scupin, Bubis erste Kindheit: Ein Tagebuch (Leipzig: Dürrsche Buchhandlung, 1907); Ernst Scupin and Gertrud Scupin, Bubi im vierten bis sechsten Lebensjahr (Dresden: Verlag Kleines Kinder, 1910); W. Preyer, Die Seele des Kindes: Beobachtungen über die geistige Entwicklung des Menschen in den ersten Lebensjahren (Leipzig: Grieben's Verlag, 1882); and Wilhelm Ament, Die Entwicklung vom Sprechen und Denken beim Kinde (Leipzig: Ernst Wunderlich, 1899). See also the survey in Stern and Stern, pp. 191 f. and 212–217.
  • Hannelore Grimm, Strukturanalytische Untersuchung der Kindersprache (Bern: Hans Huber, 1973).
  • Stern and Stern, p. 213.
  • Ibid., pp. 30 and 191.
  • Ibid., p. 191.
  • See n. 16 above.
  • See Stern and Stern, p. 88.
  • I am indebted to Dr. Zotschew of the Institut für Weltwirtschaft of Kiel University for his help with the Bulgarian material.
  • See n. 1 above.
  • Gheorgov, p. 342.
  • Ibid.: “mit deutlichem Frageton.”
  • Ibid., pp. 311, 312, 410 and 422.
  • Ibid., pp. 312, 410 and 422.
  • Ibid., p. 410.
  • Ibid.
  • Ibid., p. 312.
  • Ibid., p. 410.
  • I am indebted to my colleague Erich Hofmann for his help with the Latvian material.
  • See n. 2 above.
  • Ruke-Dravina, § 178, p. 71.
  • Ibid., § 377, p. 125.
  • Ibid., § 359, p. 120.
  • Ibid., § 185, p. 72.
  • Eve V. Clark, “On the Acquisition of before and after,” Journal of Verbal Language and Verbal Behavior, X (1971) 266–275.
  • See n. 5 above.
  • Robert Hvitfeldt: personal communication.
  • E2, E3, etc., refer to the respective recording sessions with Embla.
  • See n. 2 above.
  • See n. 4 above.
  • See n. 4 above.
  • David McNeill, The Acquisition of Language (New York: Harper and Row, 1970) 96–99.
  • See n. 4 above.
  • See Miller (n. 4 above).
  • See n. 4 above.
  • See n. 4 above.
  • See n. 4 above.
  • See n. 4 above.
  • Bowerman, pp. 105 and 235 f.
  • Bowerman, p. 16.
  • Dan I. Slobin, “Universale of Grammatical Development,” in Advances in Psycholinguistics, ed. Giovanni B. Flores d'Arcais and Willem J. U. Levelt (Amsterdam: North Holland, 1970), pp. 174–186.
  • Bowerman, p. 110.
  • Dan I. Slobin: personal communication.
  • Bowerman, App. M (12), p. 279.
  • Ibid., App. I (14), p. 265.
  • Ibid., App. K (1), p. 268.
  • Antoine Grégoire, L'apprentissage du Langage II: La troisième année et les années suivantes (Gembloux, 1947), pp. 211–215.

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