References
- Abbott , R. R. and Garcia , J. , eds. 1995 . Management Plan for Tarawa Lagoon, Republic of Kiribati, Vol. 3 Management Plan , Vol. 3 , Santa Cruz , CA : BioSystems Analysis .
- Acheson , J. M. and Wilson , J. A. 1996 . Order out of chaos: the case of parametric fisheries management . American Anthropologist , 98 : 579 – 94 .
- Alcala , A. C. , Solis , E. P. and Alcazar , S. N. 1986 . Spawning, larval rearing and early growth of Hippopus hippopus (Linn.) (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae) . Silliman Journal , 33 : 45 – 53 .
- Alcazar , S. N. and Solis , E. P. 1986 . Spawning, larval development and growth of Tridacna maxima (Rding) (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae) . Silliman Journal , 33 : 65 – 73 .
- Alien , M. S. 1992 . Temporal variation in Polynesian fishing strategies: the southern Cook Islands in regional perspective . Asian Perspectives , 31 : 183 – 204 .
- Ambrose , W. R. 1967 . Archaeology and shell middens . Archaeology & Physical Anthropology in Oceania , 2 : 169 – 87 .
- Anderson , A. 1981 . A model of prehistoric collecting on the rocky shore . Journal of Archaeological Science , 8 : 109 – 20 .
- Andersen , E. N. 1996 . Ecologies of the Heart: Emotion, Belief, and the Environment , New York : Oxford University Press .
- Aswani , S. and Graves , M. W. 1998 . The Tongan maritime expansion: a case in the evolutionary ecology of social complexity . Asian Perspectives , 37 : 135 – 64 .
- Aid , Aus . 1999 . Kiribati Country Brief , Canberra : Australian Agency for International Development .
- Barlow , K. R. and Metcalfe , D. 1996 . Plant utility indices: two Great Basin examples . Journal of Archaeological Science , 23 : 351 – 71 .
- Barton , C. M. and Clark , G. A. 1997 . “ Evolutionary theory and archaeological explanation ” . In Rediscovering Darwin: Evolutionary and Archaeological Explanation , Edited by: Barton , C. M. and Clark , G.A. 3 – 15 . Arlington : American Anthropological Association .
- Bayham , F. E. 1979 . Factors influencing the Archaic pattern of animal exploitation . The Kiva , 44 : 219 – 35 .
- Bettinger , R. L. 1991 . Hunter-Gatherers: Archaeological and Evolutionary Theory , New York : Plenum Press .
- Bettinger , R. L. and Malhi , R. 1997 . Central place models of acorn and mussel processing . Journal of Archaeological Science , 24 : 887 – 99 .
- Binford , L. R. 1978 . Nunamiut Ethnoarchaeology , New York : Academic Press .
- Bird , D. W. 1996 . Intertidal foraging strategies among the Meriam of the Torres Strait Islands, Australia: an evolutionary ecological approach to the ethnoarchaeology of tropical marine subsistence , Davis : Doctoral dissertation. Department of Anthropology, University of California .
- Bird , D. W. 1997 . “ Behavioral ecology and the archaeological consequences of central place foraging among the Meriam ” . In Rediscovering Darwin: Evolutionary Theory and Archaeological Explanation , Edited by: Barton , C. M. and Clark , G.A. 291 – 306 . Arlington : American Anthropological Association .
- Bird , D. W. and Bliege Bird , R. L. 1997 . Contemporary shellfish gathering strategies among the Meriam of the Torres Strait Islands, Australia: testing predictions of a central place foraging model . Journal of Archaeological Science , 24 : 39 – 63 .
- Bird , D. W. and Bliege Bird , R. L. 2000 . The ethnoarchaeology of juvenile foragers: shellfishing among Meriam children . Journal of Anthropological Archaeology , 19 : 461 – 76 .
- Bird , D. W. , Richardson , J. L. and Veth , P. M. 2001 . Explaining shellfishing variability in middens on the Meriam Islands, Torres Strait, Australia , Manuscript
- Brannan , J. A. 1992 . On modeling resource transport costs: suggested refinements . Current Anthropology , 33 : 56 – 60 .
- Broughton , J. M. 1994 . Declines in mammalian foraging efficiency during the Late Holocene, San Francisco Bay, California . Journal of Anthropological Archaeology , 13 : 371 – 401 .
- Broughton , J. M. and Grayson , D. K. 1993 . Diet breadth, adaptive change, and the White Mountains faunas . Journal of Archaeological Science , 20 : 331 – 6 .
- Broughton , J. M. and O'Connell , J. F. 1999 . On evolutionary ecology, selectionist archaeology, and behavioral archaeology . American Antiquity , 64 : 153 – 65 .
- Buchanan , W. F. 1988 . Shellfish in Prehistoric Diet: Elands Bay, S. W. Cape Coast, South Africa , Oxford : BAR .
- Burgess , S. M. 1987 . The Climate and Weather of Western Kiribati , Wellington : New Zealand Meteorological Service .
- Burney , A. A. 1997 . Tropical islands as paleoecological laboratories: gauging the consequences of human arrival . Human Ecology , 25 : 437 – 57 .
- Catala , R. L. A. 1957 . Report on the Gilbert Islands: some aspects of human ecology . Atoll Research Bulletin , 59 : 1 – 187 .
- Claassen , C. 1998 . Shells , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Cook , S. F. 1946 . A reconsideration of shell mounds with respect to population and nutrition . American Antiquity , 12 : 50 – 3 .
- Cook , S. F. and Treganza , A. E. 1947 . The quantitative investigation of aboriginal sites: comparative physical and chemical analyses of two California Indian mounds . American Antiquity , 13 : 135 – 41 .
- De Boer , W. F. 2000 . Between the Tides: The Impact of Human Exploitation on an Intertidal Ecosystem, Mozambique , Veenendaal , The Netherlands : Universal Press .
- Deshpande-Mukherjee , A. 2000 . An ethnographic account of contemporary shellfish gathering on the Konkan Coast, Maharashtra . Man and Environment , 25 (2) : 79 – 92 .
- Di Piazza , A. 1999 . Te bakoa: two old earth ovens from Nikunau Island (Republic of Kiribati) . Archaeology in Oceania , 34 : 40 – 2 .
- Erlandson , J. M. and Moss , M. L. 2001 . Shellfish feeders, carrion eaters, and the archaeology of aquatic adaptations . American Antiquity , 66 : 413 – 32 .
- Gifford , D. P. 1981 . Taphonomy and paleoecology: a critique of archaeology's sister disciplines . Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory , 4 : 365 – 438 .
- Could , R. A. 1978 . “ Beyond analogy in ethnoarchaeology ” . In Explorations in Ethnoarchaeology , Edited by: Could , R. A. Could : Albuquerque .
- Grayson , D. K. 1984 . Quantitative Zooarchaeology: Topics in the Analysis of Archaeological Faunas , Orlando , FL : Academic Press .
- Grayson , D. K. 2001 . The archaeological record of human impacts on animal populations . Journal of World Prehistory , 15 : 1 – 68 .
- Hunter-Anderson , R. L. 1991 . A review of traditional Micronesian high island horticulture in Belau, Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei, and Kosrae . Micronesica , 24 : 1 – 56 .
- Jones , K. T. and Madsen , D. B. 1989 . Calculating the cost of resource transportation: a Great Basin example . Current Anthropology , 30 : 529 – 34 .
- Kay , E. A. and Johnson , S. 1987 . “ Mollusca of Enewetak Atoll ” . In The Natural History of Enewetak Atoll, Vol. 2, Biogeography and Systematic , Edited by: Devaney , D. M. , Reese , E. S. , Burch , B. L. and Helfrich , P. Vol. 2 , 105 – 46 . Oak Ridge : US Department of Energy, Office of Energy research, Office of Health and Environmental Research, Ecological Research Division .
- Keegan , W. F. 1989 . “ Transition from a terrestrial to a maritime economy: a new view of the crab/shell dichotomy ” . In Early Ceramic Population Lifeways and Adaptive Strategies in the Caribbean , Edited by: Siegel , P. E. Siegel : Oxford .
- Kirch , P. V. 2000 . On the Road of the Winds: An Archaeological History of the Pacific Islands before European Contact , Berkeley : University of California Press .
- Kirch , P. V. and Yen , D. E. 1982 . Tikopia: The Prehistory and Ecology of a Polynesian Outlier , B. P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 238 Honolulu : Bishop Museum Press .
- Kiribati Fisheries Division . 1989 . Annual Report , Tarawa : Fisheries Division, Ministry of Natural Resources Development .
- Koch , G. 1986 . The Material Culture of Kiribati , Edited by: Slatter , Guy . Suva : Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific .
- Ladefoged , T. N. 1995 . The evolutionary ecology of Rotuman political integration . Journal of Anthropological Archaeology , 14 : 341 – 58 .
- Madsen , D. B. and Schmitt , D. N. 1998 . Mass collecting and the diet breadth model: a Great Basin example . Journal of Archaeological Science , 25 : 445 – 55 .
- Mason , R. D. , Peterson , M. L. and Tiffany , J. A. 2000 . Weighing and counting shell: a response to Glassow and Claassen . American Antiquity , 65 : 757 – 61 .
- Meehan , B. 1982 . Shell Bed to Shell Midden , Canberra : Australian Institute for Aboriginal Studies .
- Meehan , B. 1983 . “ A matter of choice? Some thoughts on shell gathering strategies in northern Australia ” . In Animals in Archaeology: 2. Shell Middens, Fishes and Birds , BAR International Series No. 183 Edited by: Grigson , C. and Clutton-Brock , J. 3 – 17 . Oxford
- Metcalfe , D. and Barlow , K. R. 1992 . A model for exploring the optimal trade-off between field processing and transport . American Anthropologist , 94 : 340 – 56 .
- Mithen , S. J. 1990 . Thoughtful Foragers: A Study of Prehistoric Decision Making , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Moir , B. G. 1989 . Mariculture and material culture on Takuu Atoll: indigenous cultivation of Tridacna gigas (Mollusca: Bivalvia) and its implications for pre-European Technology, resource management, and social relations on a Polynesian Outlier , Honolulu : Doctoral dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Hawaii .
- Noe-Nygaard , N. 1983 . “ The importance of aquatic resources to Mesolithic man at inland sites in Denmark ” . In Animals in Archaeology: 2. Shell Middens, Fishes and Birds , Edited by: Grigson , C. and Clutton-Brock , J. 125 – 42 . Oxford : BAR International Series No. 183 .
- Nunn , P. D. 1997 . Late Quaternary environmental changes on Pacific Islands: controversy, certainty and conjecture . Journal of Quaternary Science , 12 : 443 – 50 .
- O'Connell , J. F. 1993 . “ Discussion: subsistence and settlement interpretations ” . In From Bones to Behavior: Ethnoarchaeological and Experimental Contributions to the Interpretation of Faunal Remains , Edited by: Hudson , J. 169 – 78 . Carbondale : Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University .
- O'Connell , J. F. 1995 . Ethnoarchaeology needs a general theory of behavior . Journal of Archaeological Research , 3 : 205 – 55 .
- Orians , G. H. and Pearson , N. E. 1979 . “ On the theory of central place foraging ” . In Analysis of Ecological Systems , Edited by: Horn , D. J. , Stairs , G. R. and Mitchell , R.D. 155 – 77 . Columbus : Ohio State University Press .
- Paulay , G. 2001 . Benthic ecology and biota of Tarawa Lagoon: influence of equatorial upwelling, circulation, and human harvest . Atoll Research Bulletin , 487 : 1 – 41 .
- Paulay , G. and Kerr , A. M. 1995 . “ Coral reefs and coral communities of Tarawa ” . In Management Plan for Tarawa Lagoon, Republic of Kiribati. Vol. 3, Management Plan , Edited by: Abbott , R. R. and Garcia , J. Vol. 3 , 25 Santa Cruz , CA : BioSystems Analysis .
- Pawley , A. and Ross , M. 1993 . Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history . Annual Review of Anthropology , 22 : 425 – 59 .
- Perlman , S. M. 1980 . An optimum diet model, coastal variability, and hunter-gatherer behavior . Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory , 3 : 257 – 310 .
- Poiner , I. R. and Catterall , C. P. 1988 . The effects of traditional gathering on populations of the marine gastropod Strombus luhuanus linne [sic] 1758, in southern Papua New Guinea . Oecologia , 76 : 191 – 9 .
- Quitter , J. and Stocker , T. 1983 . Subsistence economies and the origins of Andean complex societies . American Anthropologist , 85 : 545 – 62 .
- Raab , L. M. 1992 . An optimal foraging analysis of prehistoric shellfish collecting on San Clemente Island, California . Journal of Ethnobiology , 12 : 63 – 80 .
- Redman , C. L. 1999 . Human Impact on Ancient Environments , Tucson : University of Arizona Press .
- Reitz , E. J. and Wing , E. S. 1999 . Zooarchaeology , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Rolett , B. V. 1992 . Faunal extinctions and depletions linked with prehistory and environmental change in the Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia) . Journal of the Polynesian Society , 101 : 86 – 94 .
- Ruttan , L. M. and Borgerhoff Mulder , M. 1999 . Are East African pastoralists truly conservationists? . Current Anthropology , 40 : 621 – 52 .
- Salvat , B. 1972 . La faune benthique du lagon de l'Atoll de Reao (Tuamotu, Polynésie) . Cahiers du Pacifique , 16 : 31 – 110 .
- Simms , S. R. 1987 . Behavioral Ecology and Hunter-Gatherer Foraging: An Example from the Great Basin , Oxford : BAR .
- Smith , E. A. 1995 . Comments on 'intraspecific prey choice by Amazonian hunters' by M . Alvard. Current Anthropology , 36 : 789 – 818 .
- Spennemann , D. H. R. 1987 . Availability of shellfish resources on prehistoric Tongatapu, Tonga: effects of human predation and changing environment . Archaeology in Oceania , 22 : 81 – 96 .
- Stephens , D. W. and Krebs , J. R. 1986 . Foraging Theory , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
- Tekinaiti , T. 1990 . Status of Giant Clam Stocks at the Four Atolls in Kiribati: Abaiang, Maiana, Tarawa, Abemama , Tarawa : Fisheries Division, Ministry of Natural resources Development .
- Thomas , F. R. 1999a . Optimal foraging and conservation: the anthropology of mollusk gathering strategies in the Gilbert Islands Group, Kiribati , Honolulu : Doctoral dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Hawaii .
- Thomas , F. R. 1999b . “ The precontact period ” . In The Pacific Islands: Environment & Society , Edited by: Rapaport , M. 121 – 33 . Honolulu : Bess Press .
- Thomas , F. R. 2001 . Mollusk habitats and fisheries in Kiribati: an assessment from the Gilbert Islands . Pacific Science , 55 : 77 – 97 .
- Waselkov , G. A. 1987 . Shellfish gathering and shell midden archaeology . Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory , 10 : 93 – 207 .
- Weber , J. M. and Woodhead , P. M. J. 1972 . Carbonate lagoon and beach sediments of Tarawa Atoll, Gilbert Islands . Atoll Research Bulletin , 157 : 1 – 21 .
- Wing , E. S. and Brown , A. B. 1979 . Paleonutrition: Method and Theory in Prehistoric Foodways , New York : Academic Press .
- Yesner , D. R. 1981 . “ Archaeological applications of optimal foraging theory: harvest strategies of Aleut hunter-gatherers ” . In Hunter-Gatherer Foraging Strategies: Ethnographic and Archaeological Analyses , Edited by: Winterhalder , B. and Smith , E.A. 148 – 70 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .