Impact of chitosan on productive and physiological performance and gut health of poultry

References

• Abd El-Hack,M. E., M. T. El-Saadony,A. M. Shehata, M. Arif, V. K. Paswan, G. E. S. Batiha,and A. R. Elbestawy. 2020b. “Approaches to Prevent and Control Campylobacter Spp. Colonization in Broiler Chickens: A Review.” Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28: 4989–5004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abd El-Hack, M. E., S. S. Elnesr, M. Alagawany, A. Gado, A. E. Noreldin, and A. A. Gabr. 2020a. “Impact of Green Tea (Camellia Sinensis) and Epigallocatechin Gallate on Poultry.” World’s Poultry Science Journal 76 (1): 49–63‏. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2020.1729672.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdel-Moneim, A. M. E., A. M. Shehata, N. G. Mohamed, A. M. Elbaz, and N. S. Ibrahim. 2022. “Synergistic Effect of Spirulina Platensis and Selenium Nanoparticles on Growth Performance, Serum Metabolites, Immune Responses, and Antioxidant Capacity of Heat-stressed Broiler Chickens.” Biological Trace Element Research 200: 768–779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdelnour, S. A., M. Alagawany, N. M. Hashem, M. R. Farag, E. S. Alghamdi, F. U. Hassan, … Y. A. Attia. 2021. “Nanominerals: Fabrication Methods, Benefits and Hazards, and Their Applications in Ruminants with Special Reference to Selenium and Zinc Nanoparticles.” Animals 11 (7): 1916‏. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11071916.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abo Ghanima, M. M., M. Alagawany, M. E. Abd El-Hack, A. Taha, S. S. Elnesr, J. Ajarem, A. M. Mahmoud, and A. M. Mahmoud. 2020. “Consequences of Various Housing Systems and Dietary Supplementation of Thymol, Carvacrol, and Euganol on Performance, Egg Quality, Blood Chemistry, and Antioxidant Parameters.” Poultry Science 99 (9): 4384–4397‏. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.05.028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad, N., C. E. Wee, L. K. Wai, N. M. Zin, and F. Azmi. 2021. “Biomimetic Amphiphilic Chitosan Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity.” Carbohydrate Polymers 254: 117299‏. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117299.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alagawany, M., S. S. Elnesr, M. R. Farag, M. E. Abd El-Hack,R. A. Barkat, A. A. Gabr,and K. Dhama. 2021a. “Potential Role of Important Nutraceuticals in Poultry Performance and health-A Comprehensive Review.” Research in Veterinary Science 127: 9–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alagawany, M., S. S. Elnesr, M. R. Farag, R. Tiwari, M. I. Yatoo, K. Karthik, K. Dhama, and K. Dhama. 2021b. “Nutritional Significance of Amino Acids, Vitamins and Minerals as Nutraceuticals in Poultry Production and Health–a Comprehensive Review.” Veterinary Quarterly 41 (1): 1–29‏. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2020.1857887.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biasato, I., I. Ferrocino, E. Biasibetti, E. Grego, S. Dabbou, A. Sereno, … M. T. Capucchio. 2018. “Modulation of Intestinal Microbiota, Morphology and Mucin Composition by Dietary Insect Meal Inclusion in Free-range Chickens.” BMC Veterinary Research 14 (1): 1–15‏. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-018-1690-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacciatore, F. A., A. Brandelli, and P. D. S. Malheiros. 2020. “Combining Natural Antimicrobials and Nanotechnology for Disinfecting Food Surfaces and Control Microbial Biofilm Formation.” Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. In press. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1806782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chae, S. Y., M. K. Jang, and J. W. Nah. 2005. “Influence of Molecular Weight on Oral Absorption of Water Soluble Chitosans.” Journal of Controlled Release 102 (2): 383–394. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.10.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, Q., Y. Lu, and R. Lan. 2020. “Chitosan Oligosaccharide as an Effective Feed Additive to Maintain Growth Performance, Meat Quality, Muscle Glycolytic Metabolism, and Oxidative Status in Yellow-feather Broilers under Heat Stress.” Poultry Science 99 (10): 4824–4831‏. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.071.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, F., L. Hou, L. Zhu, S. Qin, S. Qin, S. Qin, and S. Qin. 2020. “Effects of Selenide Chitosan Sulfate on Glutathione System in Hepatocytes and Specific Pathogen-free Chickens.” Poultry Science 99 (8): 3979–3986. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.04.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, R. C. F., T. B. Ng, J. H. Wong, and W. Y. Chan. 2015. “Chitosan: An Update on Potential Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications.” Marine Drugs 13 (8): 5156–5186‏. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/md13085156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng, X., X. Li, P. Liu, S. Yuan, J. Zang, S. Li, and X. Piao. 2008. “Effect of Chito-oligosaccharide Supplementation on Immunity in Broiler Chickens.” Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 21 (11): 1651–1658‏. doi:https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2008.80056.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doriane, Y. M. D., K. J. Raphaël, K. Augustave, F. T. Lavoisier, N. T. Ruben, V. B. Narcisse, M. Amir, and M. Amir. 2017. “Chelating Effect of Silver Nitrate by Chitosan on Its Toxicity and Growth Performance in Broiler Chickens.” Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research 4 (2): 187–193. doi:https://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2017.d210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebrahim, A. A., S. S. Elnesr, M. A. A. Abdel-Mageed, and M. M. M. Aly. 2020. “Nutritional Significance of Aloe Vera (Aloe Barbadensis Miller) and Its Beneficial Impact on Poultry.” World’s Poultry Science Journal 76 (4): 803–814. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2020.1830010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Sabry, M. I. M., A. M. M. Atta, B. Tzschentke, H. B. A. Gharib, and F. K. R. Stino. 2012. “Potential Use of Interleukin-2-rich Supernatant Adjuvant in Fayoumi Hens.” Archiv Fuer Gefluegelkunde 76 (3): 162–167‏.
   Google Scholar
• El Sabry, M. I., K. W. McMillin, and C. M. Sabliov. 2018. “Nanotechnology Considerations for Poultry and Livestock Production Systems–a Review.” Annals of Animal Science 18 (2): 319–334‏. doi:https://doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2017-0047.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elnesr, S. S., A. R. H. Abdel‐Razik, and H. A. Elwan. 2022. “Impact of Humate Substances and Bacillus Subtilis PB6 on Thyroid Activity and Histomorphometry, Iron Profile and Blood Haematology of Quail.” Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 106 (1): 110–117. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.13543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elnesr, S. S., M. Alagawany, H. A. Elwan, M. A. Fathi, and M. R. Farag. 2020. “Effect of Sodium Butyrate on Intestinal Health of Poultry–a Review.” Annals of Animal Science 20 (1): 29–41‏. doi:https://doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2019-0077.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan, Q., K. F. M. Abouelezz, L. Li, Z. Gou, Y. Wang, X. Lin, S. Jiang, and S. Jiang. 2020. “Influence of Mushroom Polysaccharide, Nano-copper, Copper Loaded Chitosan, and Lysozyme on Intestinal Barrier and Immunity of LPS-mediated Yellow-feathered Chickens.” Animals 10 (4): 594‏. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10040594.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomes, A. V. S., W. M. Quinteiro-Filho, A. Ribeiro, V. Ferraz-de-paula, M. L. Pinheiro, E. Baskeville, J. Palermo-Neto, C. S. Astolfi-Ferreira, A. J. P. Ferreira, and J. Palermo-Neto. 2014. “Overcrowding Stress Decreases Macrophage Activity and Increases Salmonella Enteritidis Invasion in Broiler Chickens.” Avian Pathology 43 (1): 82–90‏. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2013.874006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez-Ríos, D., R. Barrera-Zapata, and R. Ríos-Estepa. 2017. “Comparison of Process Technologies for Chitosan Production from Shrimp Shell Waste: A Techno-economic Approach Using Aspen Plus®.” Food and Bioproducts Processing 103: 49–57‏. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2017.02.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn, T., E. Tafi, A. Paul, R. Salvia, P. Falabella, and S. Zibek. 2020. “Current State of Chitin Purification and Chitosan Production from Insects.” Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 95 (11): 2775–2795‏. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.6533.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamdi, M., A. Hammami, S. Hajji, M. Jridi, M. Nasri, and R. Nasri. 2017. “Chitin Extraction from Blue Crab (Portunus Segnis) and Shrimp (Penaeus Kerathurus) Shells Using Digestive Alkaline Proteases from P. Segnis Viscera.” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 101: 455–463‏. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.02.103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan, F. A., M. H. Abd El-Maged, H. A. El-Halim, and G. S. Ramadan. 2021. “Effect of Dietary Chitosan, Nano-chitosan Supplementation and Different Japanese Quail Lines on Growth Performance, Plasma Constituents, Carcass Characteristics, Antioxidant Status and Intestinal Microflora Population.” Journal of Animal Health and Production 9 (2): 119–131.
   Google Scholar
• Hosseini-Ashtiani, N., A. Tadjarodi, and R. Zare-Dorabei. 2021. “Low Molecular Weight Chitosan-cyanocobalamin Nanoparticles for Controlled Delivery of Ciprofloxacin: Preparation and Evaluation.” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 176: 459–467‏. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosseini, S. A., and A. Meimandipour. 2018. “Feeding Broilers with Thyme Essential Oil Loaded in Chitosan Nanoparticles: An Efficient Strategy for Successful Delivery.” British Poultry Science 59 (6): 669–678. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2018.1521511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, R. L., Z. Y. Deng, C. B. Yang, Y. L. Yin, M. Y. Xie, G. Y. Wu, … Y. M. Guo. 2007. “Dietary Oligochitosan Supplementation Enhances Immune Status of Broilers.” Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 87 (1): 153–159‏. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2694.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, R. L., Y. L. Yin, G. Y. Wu, Y. G. Zhang, T. J. Li, L. L. Li, … X. Z. Nie. 2005. “Effect of Dietary Oligochitosan Supplementation on Ileal Digestibility of Nutrients and Performance in Broilers.” Poultry Science 84 (9): 1383–1388. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/84.9.1383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, X., Z. You, Y. Luo, C. Yang, J. Ren, Y. Liu, M. Ren, P. Dong, and M. Ren. 2021. “Antifungal Activity of Chitosan against Phytophthora Infestans, the Pathogen of Potato Late Blight.” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 166: 1365–1376‏. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussein, M. A. M., M. Grinholc, A. S. A. Dena, I. M. El-Sherbiny, and M. Megahed. 2021. “Boosting the Antibacterial Activity of Chitosan–gold Nanoparticles against Antibiotic–resistant Bacteria by Punicagranatum L. Extract.” Carbohydrate Polymers 256: 117498‏. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibitoye, E. B., I. H. Lokman, M. N. M. Hezmee, Y. M. Goh, A. B. Z. Zuki, A. A. Jimoh, N. P. Nicholas, and N. P. Nicholas. 2019. “Gut Health and Serum Growth Hormone Levels of Broiler Chickens Fed Dietary Chitin and Chitosan from Cricket and Shrimp.” Poultry Science 98 (2): 745–752. doi:https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph, S. M., S. Krishnamoorthy, R. Paranthaman, J. A. Moses, and C. Anandharamakrishnan. 2021. “A Review on Source-specific Chemistry, Functionality, and Applications of Chitin and Chitosan.” Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications 2: 100036‏.
   Google Scholar
• Karpova, N., B. Shagdarova, A. Lunkov, A. Il’ina, and V. Varlamov. 2021. “Antifungal Action of Chitosan in Combination with Fungicides in Vitro and Chitosan Conjugate with Gallic Acid on Tomatoes against Botrytis Cinerea.” Biotechnology Letters 43 (8): 1565–1574‏. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-021-03138-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaya, M., V. Baublys, I. Šatkauskienė, B. Akyuz, E. Bulut, and V. Tubelytė. 2015. “First Chitin Extraction from Plumatella Repens (Bryozoa) with Comparison to Chitins of Insect and Fungal Origin.” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 79: 126–132‏. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.04.066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ke, C. L., F. S. Deng, C. Y. Chuang, and C. H. Lin. 2021. “Antimicrobial Actions and Applications of Chitosan.” Polymers 13 (6): 904. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13060904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keser, O., T. Bilal, H. C. Kutay, I. Abas, and H. Eseceli. 2012. “Effects of Chitosan Oligosaccharide And/or Beta-glucan Supplementation to Diets Containing Organic Zinc on Performance and Some Blood Indices in Broilers.” Pakistan Veterinary Journal 32 (1): ‏15–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khambualai, O., K. E. Yamauchi, S. Tangtaweewipat, and B. Cheva-Isarakul. 2008. “Effects of Dietary Chitosan Diets on Growth Performance in Broiler Chickens.” The Journal of Poultry Science 45 (3): 206–209. doi:https://doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.45.206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khambualai, O., K. Yamauchi, S. Tangtaweewipat, and B. Cheva-Isarakul. 2009. “Growth Performance and Intestinal Histology in Broiler Chickens Fed with Dietary Chitosan.” British Poultry Science 50 (5): 592–597‏. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00071660903247182.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi, S., Y. Terashima, and H. Itoh. 2002. “Effects of Dietary Chitosan on Fat Deposition and Lipase Activity in Digesta in Broiler Chickens.” British Poultry Science 43 (2): 270–273. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00071660120121490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi, S., Y. Terashima, and H. Itoh. 2006. “The Effects of Dietary Chitosan on Liver Lipid Concentrations in Broiler Chickens Treated with Propylthiouracil.” The Journal of Poultry Science 43 (2): 162–166‏. doi:https://doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.43.162.
   Google Scholar
• Kravanja, G., M. Primožič, Ž. Knez, and M. Leitgeb. 2019. “Chitosan-based (Nano) Materials for Novel Biomedical Applications.” Molecules 24 (10): 1960. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24101960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lan, R., Y. Li, Q. Chang, and Z. Zhao. 2020. “Dietary Chitosan Oligosaccharides Alleviate Heat Stress–induced Intestinal Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response in Yellow-feather Broilers.” Poultry Science 99 (12): 6745–6752‏.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, J., Y. Cheng, Y. Chen, H. Qu, Y. Zhao, C. Wen, and Y. Zhou. 2019. “Dietary Chitooligosaccharide Inclusion as an Alternative to Antibiotics Improves Intestinal Morphology, Barrier Function, Antioxidant Capacity, and Immunity of Broilers at Early Age.” Animals 9 (8): 493‏. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9080493.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Q. P., S. R. Gooneratne, R. L. Wang, R. Zhang, L. L. An, J. J. Chen, and W. Pan. 2016. “Effect of Different Molecular Weight of Chitosans on Performance and Lipid Metabolism in Chicken.” Animal Feed Science and Technology 211: 174–180.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X. J., X. S. Piao, S. W. Kim, P. Liu, L. Wang, Y. B. Shen, … H. S. Lee. 2007. “Effects of Chito-oligosaccharide Supplementation on Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Serum Composition in Broiler Chickens.” Poultry Science 86 (6): 1107–1114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, H. Y., S. M. Yan, B. L. Shi, and X. Y. Guo. 2009. “Effect of Chitosan on Nitric Oxide Content and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity in Serum and Expression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase mRNA in Small Intestine of Broiler Chickens.” Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 22 (7): 1048–1053‏. doi:https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2009.80708.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, H. S., I. K. Paik, T. I. Sohn, and W. Y. Kim. 2006. “Effects of Supplementary Copper Chelates in the Form of Methionine, Chitosan and Yeast on the Performance of Broilers.” Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 19 (9): 1322–1327‏.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, D., Y. Zheng, Y. Huang, L. Ni, J. Zhao, C. Huang, … B. Xing. 2020. “Investigation of the Structural, Physical Properties, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan-nano-silicon Aerogel Composite Edible Films Incorporated with Okara Powder.” Carbohydrate Polymers 250: 116842‏.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, F., Y. Liu, Z. Sun, D. Wang, H. Wu, L. Du, and D. Wang. 2020. “Preparation and Antibacterial Properties of ε-polylysine-containing Gelatin/chitosan Nanofiber Films.” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 164: 3376–3387‏.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, Z., A. Garrido-Maestu, and K. C. Jeong. 2017. “Application, Mode of Action, and in Vivo Activity of Chitosan and Its Micro-and Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agents: A Review.” Carbohydrate Polymers 176: 257–265‏.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao, S., X. Liu, and W. Xia. 2021. “Chitosan Oligosaccharide-g-linalool Polymer as Inhibitor of Hyaluronidase and Collagenase Activity.” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 166: 1570–1577‏.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menconi, A., N. R. Pumford, M. J. Morgan, L. R. Bielke, G. Kallapura, J. D. Latorre, … G. Tellez. 2014. “Effect of Chitosan on Salmonella Typhimurium in Broiler Chickens.” Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 11 (2): 165–169‏.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng, Q. W., L. Yan, X. Ao, H. D. Jang, J. H. Cho, and I. H. Kim. 2010. “Effects of Chito-oligosaccharide Supplementation on Egg Production, Nutrient Digestibility, Egg Quality and Blood Profiles in Laying Hens.” Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 23 (11): 1476–1481‏.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miao, Z., Y. Liu, L. Guo, W. Zhao, and J. Zhang. 2020a. “Effects of Dietary Chitosan on Growth Rate, Small Intestinal Morphology, Nutrients Apparent Utilization and Digestive Enzyme Activities of Growing Huoyan Geese.” Animal 14 (12): 2635–2641‏.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miao, Z., W. Zhao, L. Guo, S. Wang, and J. Zhang. 2020b. “Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Chitosan on Immune Function in Growing Huoyan Geese.” Poultry Science 99 (1): 95–100‏.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montagne, L., J. R. Pluske, and D. J. Hampson. 2003. “A Review of Interactions between Dietary Fibre and the Intestinal Mucosa, and Their Consequences on Digestive Health in Young Non-ruminant Animals.” Animal Feed Science and Technology 108 (1–4): 95–117‏.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muanprasat, C., and V. Chatsudthipong. 2017. “Chitosan Oligosaccharide: Biological Activities and Potential Therapeutic Applications.” Pharmacology and Therapeutics 170: 80–97‏.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nogueira, C. M., J. F. F. Zapata, M. F. F. Fuentes, E. R. Freitas, A. A. Craveiro, and C. M. Aguiar. 2003. “The Effect of Supplementing Layer Diets with Shark Cartilage or Chitosan on Egg Components and Yolk Lipids.” British Poultry Science 44 (2): 218–223‏.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nouri, A. 2019. “Chitosan Nano-encapsulation Improves the Effects of Mint, Thyme, and Cinnamon Essential Oils in Broiler Chickens.” British Poultry Science 60 (5): 530–538‏.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuengjamnong, C., and K. Angkanaporn. 2018. “Efficacy of Dietary Chitosan on Growth Performance, Haematological Parameters and Gut Function in Broilers.” Italian Journal of Animal Science 17 (2): 428–435‏.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osho, S. O., and O. Adeola. 2019. “Impact of Dietary Chitosan Oligosaccharide and Its Effects on Coccidia Challenge in Broiler Chickens.” British Poultry Science 60 (6): 766–776‏.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osho, S. O., and O. Adeola. 2020. “Chitosan Oligosaccharide Supplementation Alleviates Stress Stimulated by In-feed Dexamethasone in Broiler Chickens.” Poultry Science 99 (4): 2061–2067‏.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Razdan, A., and D. Pettersson. 1994. “Effect of Chitin and Chitosan on Nutrient Digestibility and Plasma Lipid Concentrations in Broiler Chickens.” British Journal of Nutrition 72 (2): 277–288‏.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Razdan, A., and D. Pettersson. 1996. “Hypolipidaemic, Gastrointestinal and Related Responses of Broiler Chickens to Chitosans of Different Viscosity.” British Journal of Nutrition 76 (3): 387–397‏.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Razdan, A., D. Pettersson, and J. Pettersson. 1997. “Broiler Chicken Body Weights, Feed Intakes, Plasma Lipid and Small-intestinal Bile Acid Concentrations in Response to Feeding of Chitosan and Pectin.” British Journal of Nutrition 78 (2): 283–291‏.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozman, N. A. S., W. Y. Tong, C. R. Leong, W. N. Tan, M. A. Hasanolbasori, and S. Z. Abdullah. 2019. “Potential Antimicrobial Applications of Chitosan Nanoparticles (Chnp).” Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 29 (7): 1009–1013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos, V. P., N. S. Marques, P. C. Maia, M. A. B. D. Lima, L. D. O. Franco, and G. M. D. Campos-Takaki. 2020. “Seafood Waste as Attractive Source of Chitin and Chitosan Production and Their Applications.” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21 (12): 4290‏.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schipper, N. G., S. Olsson, J. A. Hoogstraate, A. G. deBoer, K. M. Vårum, and P. Artursson. 1997. “Chitosans as Absorption Enhancers for Poorly Absorbable Drugs 2: Mechanism of Absorption Enhancement.” Pharmaceutical Research 14 (7): 923–929‏.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schley, P. D., and C. J. Field. 2002. “The Immune-enhancing Effects of Dietary Fibres and Prebiotics.” British Journal of Nutrition 87 (S2): S221–S230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi-bin, Y., and C. Hong. 2012. “Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Chitosan on Growth Performance and Immune Index in Ducks.” African Journal of Biotechnology 11 (14): 3490–3495‏.
   Google Scholar
• Shi, B. L., D. F. Li, X. S. Piao, and S. M. Yan. 2005. “Effects of Chitosan on Growth Performance and Energy and Protein Utilisation in Broiler Chickens.” British Poultry Science 46 (4): 516–519‏.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohail, M., and M. Hume. 2019. “Evaluation of Antimicrobial Action of Chitosan and Acetic Acid on Broiler Cecal Bacterial Profiles in Anaerobic Cultures Inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium.” Journal of Applied Poultry Research 28 (1): 176–183‏.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sokary, R., M. N. Abu El-naga, M. Bekhit, and S. Atta. 2021. “A Potential Antibiofilm, Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activities of Chitosan Capped Gold Nanoparticles Prepared by γ–irradiation.” Materials Technology. In press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10667857.2020.1863555.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strand, S. P., S. Lelu, N. K. Reitan, C. de Lange Davies, P. Artursson, and K. M. Vårum. 2010. “Molecular Design of Chitosan Gene Delivery Systems with an Optimized Balance between Polyplex Stability and Polyplex Unpacking.” Biomaterials 31 (5): 975–987‏.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, T., D. Zhou, J. Xie, and F. Mao. 2007. “Preparation of Chitosan Oligomers and Their Antioxidant Activity.” European Food Research and Technology 225 (3): 451–456‏.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Świątkiewicz, S., A. Arczewska-Wlosek, and D. Jozefiak. 2014. “Feed Enzymes, Probiotic, or Chitosan Can Improve the Nutritional Efficacy of Broiler Chicken Diets Containing a High Level of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles.” Livestock Science 163: 110–119‏.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tokatlı, K., and A. Demirdöven. 2021. “Influences of Chitosan Coatings on Functional Compounds of Sweet Cherries.” Journal of Food Science and Technology 58 (5): 1808–1818‏.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomida, H., T. Fujii, N. Furutani, A. Michihara, T. Yasufuku, K. Akasaki, … M. Anraku. 2009. “Antioxidant Properties of Some Different Molecular Weight Chitosans.” Carbohydrate Research 344 (13): 1690–1696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vakili, M., S. Deng, T. Li, W. Wang, W. Wang, and G. Yu. 2018. “Novel Crosslinked Chitosan for Enhanced Adsorption of Hexavalent Chromium in Acidic Solution.” Chemical Engineering Journal 347: 782–790‏.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varun, T. K., S. Senani, N. Jayapal, J. Chikkerur, S. Roy, V. B. Tekulapally, … N. Kumar. 2017. “Extraction of Chitosan and Its Oligomers from Shrimp Shell Waste, Their Characterization and Antimicrobial Effect.” Veterinary World 10 (2): 170‏.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, C., M. Q. Wang, S. S. Ye, W. J. Tao, and Y. J. Du. 2011. “Effects of Copper-loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles on Growth and Immunity in Broilers.” Poultry Science 90 (10): 2223–2228‏.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie, W., P. Xu, and Q. Liu. 2001. “Antioxidant Activity of Water-soluble Chitosan Derivatives.” Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters 11 (13): 1699–1701‏.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Q., M. M. M. Azzam, X. Zou, and X. Dong. 2020. “Effects of Chitooligosaccharide Supplementation on Laying Performance, Egg Quality, Blood Biochemistry, Antioxidant Capacity and Immunity of Laying Hens during the Late Laying Period.” Italian Journal of Animal Science 19 (1): 1180–1187‏.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, L., J. H. Lee, Q. W. Meng, X. Ao, and I. H. Kim. 2010. “Evaluation of Dietary Supplementation of Delta-aminolevulinic Acid and Chito-oligosaccharide on Production Performance, Egg Quality and Hematological Characteristics in Laying Hens.” Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 23 (8): 1028–1033‏.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yousef, M., R. Pichyangkura, S. Soodvilai, V. Chatsudthipong, and C. Muanprasat. 2012. “Chitosan Oligosaccharide as Potential Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Therapeutic Efficacy and Possible Mechanisms of Action.” Pharmacological Research 66 (1): 66–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zargar, V., M. Asghari, and A. Dashti. 2015. “A Review on Chitin and Chitosan Polymers: Structure, Chemistry, Solubility, Derivatives, and Applications.” ChemBioEng Reviews 2 (3): 204–226‏.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, H., J. Mi, Y. Huo, X. Huang, J. Xing, A. Yamamoto, and Y. Gao. 2014. “Absorption Enhancing Effects of Chitosan Oligomers on the Intestinal Absorption of Low Molecular Weight Heparin in Rats.” International Journal of Pharmaceutics 466 (1–2): 156–162‏.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, T. X., Y. J. Chen, J. S. Yoo, Y. Huang, J. H. Lee, H. D. Jang, … I. H. Kim. 2009. “Effects of Chitooligosaccharide Supplementation on Performance, Blood Characteristics, Relative Organ Weight, and Meat Quality in Broiler Chickens.” Poultry Science 88 (3): 593–600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou, P., X. Yang, J. Wang, Y. Li, H. Yu, Y. Zhang, and G. Liu. 2016. “Advances in Characterisation and Biological Activities of Chitosan and Chitosan Oligosaccharides.” Food Chemistry 190: 1174–1181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar