References
- Focardi M, Puliti E, Grifoni R, Palandri M, Bugelli V, Pinchi V, Norelli GA, Bacci S. Immunohistochemical localization of Langerhans cells as a tool for vitality in hanging mark wounds: a pilot study. Aust J Forensic Sc. 2020;52(4):393–405. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00450618.2019.1567811.
- Yadav A, Gupta BM. Histopathological changes in skin and subcutaneous tissues at ligature site in cases of hanging and strangulation. J Indian Acad Forensic Med. 2009;31(3):200–204.
- Chandrakanth HV, Pramod Kumar GN, Arun M, Suray S, Sapna P, Balaraj BM. Compression injuries of neck: a microscopic analysis of skin and subcutaneous tissues. Indian J Forensic Med Pathol. 2012;5:5–8.
- Samanta AK, Nayak SR. Newer trends in hanging death. J Indian Acad Forensic Med. 2012;34:37–39.
- Balandiz H, Pehlivan S, Cicek AF, Tugcu H. Evaluation of vitality in the experimental hanging model of rats by using immunohistochemical IL-1beta antibody staining. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2015;36(4):317–322. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/PAF.0000000000000199.
- Legaz-Perez I, Falcon M, Gimenez M, Diaz FM, Perez-Carceles MD, Osuna E, Nuno-Vieira D, Luna A. Diagnosis of vitality in skin wounds in the ligature marks resulting from suicide hanging. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2017;38(3):211–218. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/PAF.0000000000000322.
- De Matteis A, Dell’Aquila M, Maiese A, Frati P, La Russa R, Bolino G, Fineschi V. The Troponin-I fast skeletal muscle is reliable marker for the determination of vitality in the suicide hanging. Forensic Sci Int. 2019;301:284–288. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.05.055.
- Ishida Y, Kuninaka Y, Nosaka M, Shimada E, Hata S, Yamamoto H, Hashizume Y, Kimura A, Furukawa F, Kondo T. Forensic application of epidermal AQP3 expression to determination of wound vitality in human compressed neck skin. Int J Leg Med. 2018;132(5):1375–1380. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-018-1780-1.
- Turillazzi E, Vacchiano G, Luna-Maldonado A, Neri M, Pomara C, Rabozzi R, Riezzo I, Fineschi V. Tryptase, CD-15 and IL-15 as reliable markers for the determination of soft and hard ligature marks vitality. Histol Histopathol. 2010;25(12):1539–1546. doi:https://doi.org/10.14670/HH-25.1539.
- Muciaccia B, Sestili C, De Grossi S, Vestri A, Cipolloni L, Cecchi R. Are mast cells implicated in asphyxia? Int J Legal Med. 2016;130(1):153–161. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-015-1211-5.
- Bacci S, Defraia B, Cinci L, Calosi L, Guasti D, Pieri L, Bonelli A, Romagnoli P. Immunohistochemical analysis of dendritic cells in skin lesions: correlations with survival time. Forensic Sci Int. 2014;244:179–185. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.08.024.
- Kuninaka Y, Ishida Y, Nosaka M, Shimada E, Kimura A, Ozaki M, Hata S, Michiue T, Yamamoto H, Furukawa F, et al. Forensic pathological study on temporal appearance of dendritic cells in skin wounds. Int J Legal Med. 2020;134(2):597–601. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-019-02185-z.
- Krawczyk CM, Holowka T, Sun J, Blagih J, Amiel E, DeBerardinis RJ, Cross R, Jung E, Thompson CB, Jones RG, et al. Toll-like receptor-induced changes in glycolytic metabolism regulate dendritic cell activation. Blood. 2010;115(23):4742–4749. doi:https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2009-10-249540.
- Thwe PM, Amiel E. The role of nitric oxide in metabolic regulation of dendritic cell immune function. Cancer Lett. 2018;412:236–242. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2017.10.032.
- Fostermann U, Sessa WC. Nitric oxide synthases regulation and function. Eur Heart. 2012;33(7):829–837. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehr304.
- Bacci S, Pieri L, Buccoliero AM, Bonelli A, Taddei GL, Romagnoli P. Smooth muscle cells, dendritic cells, and mast cells are sources of TNFalpha and nitric oxide in human carotid artery atherosclerosis. Thromb Res. 2008;122(5):657–667. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2008.04.013.
- Cox AR, Jacob S, Oliveras G, Murakami K, Enkhbaatar P, Traber L, Schmalstieg FC, Herndon DN, Traber DL, Hawkins HK. Pulmonary expression of nitric oxide synthase isoform in sheep with smoke inhalation and burn injury. Exp Lung Res. 2009;35(2):104–118. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01902140802446832.
- Scendoni R, Ferrante L, Stramazzotti D, Tagliabracci A. Analysis of immunohistochemical expression of inducible Nitric Oxide synthase for the evaluation of agonal time in forensic medicine. Int J Leg Med. 2016;130(6):1639–1646. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-016-1402-8.
- Mona M, El-Noor A, Elgazzar FM, Alschenawy HA. Role of inducible nitric oxide synthase and interlekin-6 expression in estimation of skin burn age and vitality. J Forensic Leg Med. 2017;52:148–153. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2017.09.001.
- Fox HC, Johnson FB, Whiting J, Roller PP. Formaldehyde fixation. J Histochem Cytochem. 1985;33(8):845–853. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/33.8.3894502.
- Polak JM, Van Noorden S. Immunocytochemistry. Modern methods and application. Bristol (UK): Wright & Sons Ltd; 1986.
- Chin LC, Kumar P, Palmer JA, Rapahel JA, Dolderer JH, Thomas GPL, Morrison WA, Penington AJ, Stewart AG, Mitchell GM. The influence of nitric oxide synthase 2 on cutaneous wound angiogenesis. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165(6):1223–1235. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10599.x.
- Na L, Qiuxiang D, Rufeng B, Junhong S. Vitality and wound-age estimation in forensic pathology: review and future prospects. Forensic Sci Res. 2020;5(1):15–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/20961790.2018.1445441.
- Bonelli A, Bacci S, Vannelli GB, Norelli GA. Immunohistochemical localization of mast cells as a tool for the discrimination of vital and postmortem lesions. Int J Leg Med. 2003;117(1):14–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-002-0304-0.
- Bonelli A, Bacci S, Norelli GA. Affinity cytochemistry analysis of mast cells in skin lesions: a possible tool to assess timing of lesions toward death. Int J Leg Med. 2003;117(6):331–334. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-003-0396-1.
- Bacci S, Pimpinelli N, Romagnoli P. Contacts between mast cells and in dendritic cells in human skin. Ital J Anat Embriol. 2010;115(1–2):25–30.
- Breedveld A, Groot Kormelink T, Van Egmond M, De Jong EC. Granulocytes as modulators of dendritic cell function. J Leuk Biol. 2017;102(4):1003–1016. doi:https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.4MR0217-048RR.
- McCauley SD, Gilchrist M, Befus AD. Nitric oxide: a major determinant of mast cell phenotype and function. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2005;100:11–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762005000900003.
- Baudouin JE, Tachon P. Constitutive nitric oxide synthase is present in normal human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 1996;106(3):428–431. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12343523.
- Skokos D, Botros HG, Demeure C, Morin J, Peronet R, Birkenmeier G, Boudaly S, Mécheri S. Mast cell-derived exosomes induce phenotypic and functional maturation of dendritic cells and elicit specific immune responses in vivo. J Immunol. 2003;170(6):3037–3045. doi:https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.170.6.3037.
- Dudeck J, Medyukhina A, Fröbel J, Svensson CM, Kotrba J, Gerlach M, Gradtke AC, Schröder B, Speier S, Figge MT, et al. Mast cells acquire MHCII from dendritic cells during skin inflammation. J Exp Med. 2017;214(12):3791–3811. doi:https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20160783.