How Ethnic Enmities End

References

• 1990 . Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality 1 – 13 . Anyone seeking a brief critical selection from this daunting mass should consult the excellent pioneering effort at generalization, E.J. Hobsbawn, (Cambridge University Press, Introduction, pp.
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• Grundmann , Herbert . 1961 . Religiöse Bewegungen im Mittelalter 10 – 11 . (Hildesheim
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• Strayer , Joseph R. 1971 . The Albigensian Crusades (University of Michigan Press epilogue 1992), 162
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• Grundmann . Religiöse Bewegungen 39
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• Grundmann . Religiöse Bewegungen , 16 17 21, 24
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• Grundmann . Religiöse Bewegungen 28
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• Albigensian Crusades Lansing, in Strayer, 211
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• Strayer . 1952 . Albigensian Crusades 229 – 30 . 75. Chronology of French events taken from William L. Langer, An Encyclopaedia of World History, rev. ed. (Cambridge, MA:
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• 1922 . A History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages Henry Charles Lea, (New York and London:, I, 305–8. Copyrighted in 1887, Lea's book is a great treasury of nineteenth-century historical writing. It is full of interesting details from primary sources on all the topics discussed in the present essay. The frequent and widespread popular clamor for burning heretics promptly, that Lea reports, reveals the emotional climate of the times.
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• Strayer . Albigensian Crusades 146 – 7 .
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• Lea . History of the Inquisition I, 385
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• 1982 . Montaillou: village occitan de 1294 à 1324 Paris Emmanual Le Roy Ladurie, (rev. ed.:. Originally published 1975. English translation by Barbara Bray, Montaillou: The Promised Land of Error (Vintage Books 1979). I have used the English version since it is much more accessible. A note on the verso of the title page of the French revised edition reports that the revisions concern references to the Latin text of the major source. I doubt very much that such revisions would affect conclusions I have drawn from the English text.
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• Ladurie . Montaillou ix
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• Ladurie . Montaillou , 13 27
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• Ladurie . Montaillou 92
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• Ladurie . Montaillou 28
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• Ladurie . Montaillou 55 – 58 .
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• Ladurie . Montaillou 20 – 23 .
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• Ladurie . Montaillou 331
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• Strayer . Albigensian Crusades 159 – 60 .
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• 1985 . Effacement du Catharisme? (XXIe-XIVe S.) For general interpretations of the end of Catharism in southern France and elsewhere see the collection of articles, Cahiers de Fanjeaux: Collection d'Histoire religieuse du Languedoc au XIIIe et au début du XIVe siècle, No. 20 (Toulouse:. The article by Jean-Louis Biget, “L'extinction du catharisme urbain.”, pp. 305–40, argues that repression by the Inquisition was a relatively minor factor. The statistics behind this part of the argument seem dubious to me. He is much more persuasive in holding that what I call later the ‘competing attractions’ of a modified Catholic orthodoxy—bigger job openings and effective techniques for controlling anxiety and guilt—very seriously undermined the appeal of Catharism. In any case the appeal never extended beyond a very small minority of the population, a discontented segment of the urban notables, whose ambitions were temporarily blocked.
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• 1985 . Ethnic Groups in Conflict For a differing interpretation see Donald L. Horowitz, (Berkeley, 598–680. This book is an almost superhuman effort to find scientific order and rational hope in a huge mass of refractory facts about ethnic conflicts, mainly in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. The author deserves very high marks not only for industry but also freedom from positive and negative preconceptions. Yet the combination of parochialism, triviality, and cruelty described over and over again in a book of nearly 700 pages numbs the brain. One needs a Swift rather than a social scientist to do justice to this material.
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• 1944 . Behemoth 108 – 11 . For a crisp analysis of anti-Semitism's powerful influence in Germany from Martin Luther (d. 1546) to Hitler, see Franz Neumann, (Oxford University Press
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