References
- Baier , A. “ ‘Mixing Memory and Desire,’ in ” . In Postures of the Mind: Essays on Mind and Morals (Minneapolis; University of Minnesota Press, 1985), 8.
- Warnock , M. 1987 . Memory London : Faber and Faber . 9.
- Fentress , J. and Wickham , C. 1992 . Social Memory Oxford : Blackwell . 4–5.
- One can understand someone's past as representative of the life of a group without that person so understanding their own past.
- Washington Coalition for Comfort Women, ‘Comfort Women History: Chronology of Dates and Events,’ http://www.comfortwomen.org/chronology.htm (1998).
- Middleton , D. and Edwards , D. “ ‘Introduction,’ in ” . In Collective Remembering Edited by: Middleton , D. and Edwards , D. ed. (London: Sage, 1990), 7.
- Morrison , T. “ ‘The Site of Memory,’ in ” . In Inventing the Truth: The Art and Craft of Memoir ed. William Zinsser (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1987), 104–05.
- Schacter , D. L. 1996 . “ 9 ” . In Searching for Memory: The Brain, the Mind, and the Past New York : Harper Collins . chap.
- Hacking . 1995 . Rewriting the Soul: Multiple Personality and the Sciences of Memory NJ: Princeton University Press : (Princeton . I.
- Acklsberg , M. and Shanley , M. “ ‘Privacy, Publicity, and Power: A Feminist Rethinking of the Public-Private Distinction,’ in ” . In Revisioning the Political: Feminist Reconstructions of Traditional Concepts in Western Political Theory Edited by: Hirschmann , N. and Di , C. For a comprehensive overview, see ed. Stefano (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996), 217: “Feminists have explored the ways the distinction [between public and private] obscures the exercise of power within the so-called private realm, masks the maleness of the public realm, and ignores the way the public-private distinction itself is a social construction that reflects the exercise of power and the allocation of resources in both realms.”
- Hacking . Rewriting the Soul 4
- In 1994, in DSM IV, Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD) was changed to Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID). I use the older terminology in this paper as I do not discuss the disorder but merely refer to some of Hacking's remarks about it.
- Rewriting the Soul I am indebted to Andrew Brook's careful description of DID: ‘The Soul Strikes Back! Comments on Ian Hacking's presented at the Canadian Philosophical Asssociation, Brock University, St. Catharine's, Ontario, May 1996.
- Hacking . Rewriting the Soul 4
- Rewriting the Soul 3 Hacking characterizes himself as “skeptical, analytical, and constructionalist.”
- Rewriting the Soul 247 Hacking prefers to speak of our redescribing rather than reinterpreting the past, but will accept the latter. I prefer “reinterpretation” to “redescription” because of a concern about philosophical models of memory that I raise at the end of the paper.
- Hacking . Rewriting the Soul 238
- Hacking . Rewriting the Soul 257
- Hacking . Rewriting the Soul 88–89.
- Hacking . Rewriting the Soul 267
- Hacking . Rewriting the Soul 264
- Hacking . Rewriting the Soul 94
- Hacking . Rewriting the Soul 266
- Hacking . Rewriting the Soul 249
- Hacking . Rewriting the Soul 257
- Singer , L. 1993 . Erotic Welfare: Sexual Theory and Politics in the Age of Epidemic New York : Routledge . 29.
- Hacking . Rewriting the Soul 255 See also Hacking, 17: “My very neutrality makes me cautious about even the name of our topic. Names organize our thoughts.”
- Hacking . Rewriting the Soul 214
- Hacking . Rewriting the Soul 246
- Hacking . Rewriting the Soul 88–89.
- Hacking . Rewriting the Soul 249
- Card , C. 1996 . “ 2 ” . In The Unnatural Lottery: Character and Moral Luck Philadelphia : Temple University Press . For some interesting discussion of the connection between responsibility and retrospective evaluation, see chap.
- Even if one were to agree with Hacking that a diagnosis of MPD has a tendency to encourage some of the ethical concerns he raises, given the reported incident rate of child sexual abuse, one would still need an account of why most women who understand their pasts as containing this harm are not properly understanding their pasts.
- Hacking . Rewriting the Soul 249
- Hacking . Rewriting the Soul 210
- Hacking . Rewriting the Soul 211
- Hacking . Rewriting the Soul 211
- Hacking . Rewriting the Soul 211–12.
- Searching for Memory 8 Many writers have discussed the difficulty of representing the Holocaust and some have explicitly raised the question of whether the Holocaust can find a place in collective memory. But Hacking is not the only writer to choose this example as exemplifying collective memory in order to frame investigation of women's memories of abuse. In memory scientist Daniel Schacter, similarly motivated to write a book partly in response to women's memories of abuse, finds it natural to map the terrain of contemporary memory debate by first referring to an attempt of revisionist groups to “recast society's collective memory of the Holocaust” (p.). Reference to the memories of Holocaust survivors as cases of traumatized memory in feminist discussions have outraged many writers who see this as an attempt to appropriate serious and uncontested examples of traumatic harm in order to bootstrap women's memories into a weighty moral category. But I am also disturbed that these memories are the sole representatives of collective memory in Hacking's account, as I take part of the implied contrast to be the seriousness of such memories as compared to women's memories. There is a credibility and authority to shared accounts of the past emphasized by this example. For Hacking, the politics of personal memory has none of this credibility. He refers to it as a “brouhaha.”
- Hacking . Rewriting the Soul 211
- Connerton , P. 1993 . How Societies Remember New York : Cambridge University Press . For an analysis and critique of standard ways of thinking about communal memory, see
- Toronto Life Counter memory can take the form of men using December 6 as an occasion to remember aspects of their relations with women. David Lees, for example, reflects at a December meeting of Metro Men Against Violence (Toronto): “I sat in the back row trying to stay in the shadows and wondering what I could say…. that twice I have struck a woman in each case to keep her from striking me; that my truly vicious gift for silence and distance was taught to me by my mother. ‘Domestic violence’ presents itself to me as an unfaded, 30-year-old image of a man standing in a kitchen with blood from a hammer blow pouring down his face, asking a woman to be more reasonable” (The War Against Men,’ 26:18 [1992]: 46–7). In a recent article in a Halifax student newspaper, Stephen Brown wrote: “I am not going to feel guilty anymore that I used my virginity on the anniversary of Marc Lepine's murder of fourteen women at Montreal Polytechnique…. I am not going to feel guilty anymore that I have been with different women in different ways…. I am not going to feel guilty anymore that each of them was raped before and after me—because I did not rape them. I am not going to feel guilty anymore that I did use them because they did use me. That's what it's all about, right?” (‘Take Back the Bullshit,’ Picaro [September 29, 1998]: 9).
- Halbwachs , M. Les cadres sociaux de la mémoire Les Travaux de l'Année Sociologique (Paris: F. Alcan, 1925; reprint Presses Universitaires de France, 1952), and La mémoire collective, preface Jean Duvugnaud, introduction Michel Alexandre (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1950). English translation: The Collective Memory, introduction Mary Douglas (Harper and Row, 1980).
- Middleton , D. and Edwards , D. “ ‘Conversational Remembering: A Social Psychology Approach,’ in ” . In Collective Remembering Edited by: Middleton , D. and Edwards , D. For some interesting recent discussion of family memory see ed. (London: Sage, 1990), 23–48. It is worth noting that it is by no means the case that domestic memories are routinely excluded from being considered communal memory. Domestic memories have played an important role in social memory at times when the family is the focus of preserving values—wartime, for example.
- Brown , L. S. “ ‘Politics of Memory, Politics of Incest: Doing Therapy and Politics That Really Matter,’ ” . In Women and Therapy 19:1 (1996): 12.
- Social Memory Fentress and Wickham, 137–43.
- For example, the efficiency of assimilating native peoples to colonial cultures by placing native children in residential schools also depends on the vulnerability of children as young rememberers.
- Brown , L. S. ‘Politics of Memory, Politics of Incest,’ 6.
- Brown , L. S. ‘Politics of Memory, Politics of Incest,’ 12.
- Hacking . Rewriting the Soul 58 He does not conceal his distaste for current controversies over women's memories. He regards us as “voyeurs” to people's family lives (p. 113).
- Hacking . Rewriting the Soul 6
- Hacking . Rewriting the Soul 66–67.
- Lessing , D. and Hacking . 1986 . The Good Terrorist New York : Vintage . Rewriting the Soul, 80.
- Warnock . Memory 30
- Parfit , D. 1984 . Reasons and Persons Oxford : Clarendon Press . That each memory is in thought itself to be personal is indicated through philosophical thought experiments in which the progressive transfer one by one of one individual's memories to a second individual is imagined to be a transfer of the first person's psychology—independently of the history of associations that these memories have exhibited or how they may have been formed or cued in environments never encountered by the second individual.
- Anscombe , G. E.M. 1981 . “ ‘Memory, “Experience” and Causation,’ in ” . In The Collected Philosophical Papers of G.E.M. Anscombe, Vol. 2: Metaphysics and the Philosophy of Mind Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . 120–30; N. Malcolm, ‘Memory and the Past,’ in Knowledge and Certainty: Essays and Lectures by Norman Malcolm (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1963), 187–202.
- Warnock . Memory 50
- Warnock . Memory 51
- Searching for Memory 71 For a version of this view as supported by contemporary memory science, see Schacter
- Hacking . Rewriting the Soul 254
- Hacking . Rewriting the Soul 247
- Hacking . Rewriting the Soul 257
- Hacking . Rewriting the Soul 257
- Hacking . Rewriting the Soul 258
- I am grateful to Andrew Brook and especially Jan Sutherland for stimulating and helpful conversations about Hacking's work.
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