87
Views
24
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Empirical Research on Child Maltreatment and the Law

, , , , &
Pages 47-77 | Published online: 05 May 2014

  • Abrahams, N., Casey, K., & Daro, D. (1992). Teachers' knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about child abuse and its prevention. Child Abuse and Neglect, 16, 229–238.
  • Additional Protections for Children Involved as Subjects in Research Rule, 45 C.F.R 46. 408–109 (1993).
  • Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of 1980, Pub. L. No. 96–272, 94 Stat. 500.
  • American Bar Association Presidential Working Group on the Unmet Legal Needs of Children and their Families. (1993). America's children at risk: A national agenda for legal action. Washington, DC: American Bar Association.
  • Ansell, C., & Ross, H. (1990). Reply to Pope and Bajt. American Psychologist, 45, 399.
  • Anson, D. A., Golding, S. L., & Gully, K. J. (1993). Child sexual abuse allegations: Reliability of criteria-based content analysis. Law and Human Behavior, 17, 331–341.
  • Baker-Ward, L., Hess, T. M., & Flannagan, D. A. (1990). The effects of involvement on children's memory for events. Cognitive Development, 5, 55–70.
  • Bajt, T. R., & Pope, K. S. (1989). Therapist-patient sexual intimacy involving children and adolescents. American Psychologist, 44, 455.
  • Belin, D. (1991, Summer). Taking the trauma out of court. Guardian, pp. 1, 13.
  • Berlin, F., Malin, H., & Dean, S. (1991). Effects of statutes requiring psychiatrists to report suspected sexual abuse of children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 449–153.
  • Berliner, L., & Conte, J. R. (1993). Sexual abuse evaluations: Conceptual and empirical observations. Child Abuse and Neglect, 17, 111–125.
  • Besharov, D. J. (1986). Unfounded allegations: A new child abuse problem. Public Interest, 83, 18–31.
  • Besharov, D. J. (1987). Reporting out-of-home maltreatment: Penalties and protections. Child Welfare, 66, 399–408.
  • Best, J. (1990). Threatened children: Rhetoric and concern about child victims. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Bishop, S. J., Murphy, J. M., Jellinek, M. S., Quinn, D., & Poitrast, F. G. (1992). Protecting seriously maltreated children: Time delays in a court sample. Child Abuse and Neglect, 16, 465–474.
  • Boat, B. W., & Everson, M. D. (1988). Use of anatomical dolls among professionals in sexual abuse evaluations. Child Abuse and Neglect, 12, 171–179.
  • Boat, B. W., & Everson, M. D. (1993). The use of anatomical dolls in sexual abuse evaluations: Current research and practice. In: G. S. Goodman & B. L. Bottoms (Eds.), Child victims, child witnesses: Understanding and improving testimony (pp. 47–69). New York: Guilford.
  • Bohannon, J. N. (1988). Flashbulb memories for the Space Shuttle disaster: A tale of two theories. Cognition, 29, 179–196.
  • Bottoms, B. L. (1993). Individual differences in perceptions of child sexual assault victims. In: G. S. Goodman & B. L. Bottoms (Eds.), Child victims, child witnesses: Understanding and improving testimony (pp. 229–261). New York: Guilford.
  • Bottoms, B. L., & Goodman, G. S. (1994). Evaluation of children's testimony: Factors influencing the jury. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 24, 402–432.
  • Bottoms, B. L., & Goodman, G. S. (Eds.), (in press). International perspectives on child abuse and child witnesses. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Bottoms, B. L., Shaver, P. R., & Goodman, G. S. (in press). Allegations of ritualistic and religion-related child abuse. Law and Human Behavior..
  • Brainerd, C., & Omstein, P. (1991). Children 's memory for witnessed events: The developmental backdrop. In: J. Doris (Ed), The suggestibility of children's recollections (pp. 10–20). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Brainerd, C., Reyna, V. F., Howe, M. L., & Kingma, J. (1990). Development of forgetting and reminiscence. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 55(3–4), 1–93.
  • Brennan, M., & Brennan, R. E. (1988). Strange language: Child victims under cross examination. Riverina, New South Wales, Australia: Charles Stuart University.
  • Brigham, J. C., & Spier, S. A. (1992). Opinions held by professionals who work with child witnesses. In: H. Dent & R. Flin (Eds), Children as witnesses (pp. 93–111). Chicester, England: Wiley.
  • Brosig, C. L., & Kalichman, S. C. (1992). Clinicans' reporting of suspected child abuse: A review of the empirical literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 12, 155–168.
  • Brown, R., & Kulik, J. (1977). Flashbulb memories. Cognition, 5, 73–99.
  • Bugenthal, D. B., Blue, J., Cortez, V., Fleck, K., & Rodriguez, A. (1992). Influences of witnessed affect on information processing in children. Child Development, 63, 774–786.
  • Bruck, M., Ceci, S. J., Francouer, E., & Renick, A. (1995). Anatomically detailed dolls do not facilitate reports of a pediatric examination involving genital touching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 1, 95–109.
  • Bull, R. (1992). Obtaining evidence expertly: The reliability of interviews with child witnesses. Expert Evidence, 1, 5–12.
  • Burgess, A. W., Hartman, C. R., Kelley, S. J., Grant, C. A., & Gray, E. B. (1990). Parental response to child sexual abuse trials involving day care settings. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3, 395–405.
  • Bussey, K. (1990, March). Adult influences on children's eyewitness testimony. In: S. J. Ceci (Chair), Do children lie? Symposium presented at the meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, Williamsburg, VA.
  • Butler, S. M., Radia, N., & Magnatta, M. (1994). Maternal compliance to court-ordered assessment in cases of child maltreatment. Child Abuse and Neglect, 18, 203–211.
  • Camblin, L. D., & Prout, H. T. (1983). School counselors and the reporting of child abuse: A survey of state laws and practices. School Counselor, 30, 358–367.
  • Cashmore, J. (1992). The use of closed-circuit television for child witnesses in the ACT. Sydney: Australian Law Reform Commission.
  • Cashmore, J., & Bussey, K. (1990). Children's constructions of court proceedings. In: J. Spencer, G. Nicholson, R. Flin, & R. Bull (Eds.), Children's evidence in legal proceedings (pp. 177–188). London: Hawksmere.
  • Ceci, S. J. (1994). Cognitive and social factors in children's testimony. In: B. D. Sales & G. R. VandenBos (Eds.), Psychology in litigation and legislation (pp. 11–54). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Ceci, S. J., & Bruck, M. (1994). Child witnesses: Translating research into policy. SRCD Social Policy Report, 7(3), 1–30.
  • Ceci, S. J., & Bruck, M. (1995). Jeopardy in the courtroom. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Ceci, S. J., Ross, D. F., & Toglia, M. P. (1987). Age differences in suggestibility: Narrowing the uncertainties. In: S. J. Ceci, M. P. Toglia, & D. F. Ross (Eds.), Children's eyewitness memory (pp. 79–91). New York: Springer-Verlag.
  • Ceci, S. J., Ross, D. F., & Toglia, M. P. (Eds). (1989). Perspectives on children's testimony. New York: Springer-Verlag.
  • Ceci, S. J., Toglia, M. P., & Ross, D. F. (Eds.). (1987). Children's eyewitness memory. New York: Springer-Verlag.
  • Chaffin, M. (1992). Factors associated with treatment completion and progress among intrafamilial sexual abusers. Child Abuse and Neglect, 16, 251–264.
  • Chapman, J. R., & Smith, B. (1987). Response of social service and criminal justice agencies to child sexual abuse complaints. Response, 10(3), 7–13.
  • Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act of 1974, 42 U.S.C. § 5101(as amended 1992).
  • Child protective services: 1992. (1992, Spring). Virginia Child Protection Newsletter, pp. 1, 3–8, 10–11, 16.
  • Christianson, S. A., Loftus, E. F., Hoffman, H., & Loftus, G. R. (1991). Eye fixations and memory for emotional events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17, 693–701.
  • Clarke-Stewart, A., Thompson, W., & Lepore, S. (1989, April). Manipulating children's testimony through interrogation. In G. S. Goodman (Chair), Do children provide accurate eyewitness reports? Social policy and research implications. Symposium presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Kansas City, MO.
  • Conte, J., & Berliner, L. (1988). The impact of sexual abuse on children: Empirical findings. In: L. Walker (Ed.), Handbook on sexual abuse of children (pp. 72–93). New York: Springer.
  • Cross, T. P., De Vos, E., & Whitcomb, D. (1994). Prosecution of child sexual abuse: Which cases are accepted? Child Abuse and Neglect 18, 663–677.
  • Crowley, M. J., O'Callaghan, G., & Ball, P. J. (1994). The juridical impact of psychological expert testimony in a simulated child sexual abuse trial. Law and Human Behavior, 18, 89–105.
  • Daly, D. L., & Dowd, T. P. (1992). Characteristics of effective, harm-free environments for children in out-of-home care. Child Welfare, 71, 487–496.
  • Daro, D. (1988). Confronting child abuse: Research for effective program design. New York: Free Press.
  • Daro, D. (1992). Building a national child welfare data base: Utilizing a variety of sources. Protecting Children, 8(3), 4–6, 24–25.
  • Davidson, H. A. (1989). Improving the judicial handling of civil child maltreatment cases. In M. Hofford (Ed.), Families in court (pp. 63–88). Reno, NV: National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges.
  • Davies, G. (1992). Protecting the child witness in the courtroom. Child Abuse Review, 1, 33–41.
  • Davies, G. (1993). Children's memory for other people: An integrative review. In: C. A. Nelson (Ed), Minnesota symposia on child psychology: Vol. 26. Memory and affect in development (pp. 123–157). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Davies, G., Tarrant, A., & Flin, R. (1989). Close encounters of the witness kind: Children's memory for a simulated health inspection. British Journal of Psychology, 80, 415–429.
  • Deffenbacher, K. (1983). The influence of arousal on reliability of testimony. In: B. R. Clifford & S. Lloyd-Bostock (Eds.), Evaluating eyewitness evidence (pp. 235–251). Chichester, England: Wiley.
  • DeFrancis, V. (1969). Protecting the child victim of sex crimes committed by adults. Denver: American Humane Association.
  • Deitz, S. R., Blackwell, K. T., Daley, P. C., & Bentley, B. J. (1982). Measurement of empathy toward rape victims and rapists. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 372–384.
  • Deitz, S. R., & Byrnes, L. E. (1981). Attribution of responsibility for sexual assault: The influence of observer empathy and defendant occupation and attractiveness. Journal of Psychology, 108, 17–29.
  • Dent, H. (1977). Stress as a factor influencing person recognition in identification parades. Bulletin of the British Psychological Society, 30, 339–340.
  • Dent, H., & Flin, R. (1992). Children as witnesses. London: Wiley.
  • DePaulo, B., & Jordan, A. (1982). Age changes in deceiving and detecting deceit. In: R. Feldman (Ed.), Development of nonverbal behavior in children (pp. 151–180). New York: Springer.
  • Derogatis, L. R. (1983). SCL–90–R. Riderwood, MA: Author.
  • Devitt, M., Honts, C. R., Gillund, B. E., Amato, S. L., Peters, D. P., & Norton, M. (1994, March). A study of the willingness of children to make false accusations about a serious matter in a realistic setting. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, Santa Fe, NM.
  • Dhooper, S. S., Royse, D. D., & Wolfe, L. C. (1991). A statewide study of the public attitudes toward child abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 15, 31–44.
  • Diamond, R., & Carey, S. (1977). Developmental changes in the representation of faces. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 23, 1–22.
  • Dibner, A. S. (1954). Ambiguity and anxiety. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 56, 165–174.
  • Dolan, A. K., & Urban, N. D. (1983). The determinants of the effectiveness of medical disciplinary boards, 1960–1977. Law and Human Behavior, 7, 203–217.
  • Doris, J. (Ed.). (1991). The suggestibility of children's recollections: Implications for eyewitness testimony. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Doueck, H. J., Bronson, D. E., & Levine, M. (1992). Evaluating risk assessment implementation in child protection: Issues for consideration. Child Abuse and Neglect, 16, 627–646.
  • Doueck, H. J., Levine, M., & Bronson, D. E. (1993). Risk assessment in Child Protective Services: An evaluation of the Child at Risk Field System. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 8, 446–467.
  • Dubanoski, H. (1990, April 4). Testimony before the U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect at a hearing on research policy, Arlington, VA.
  • Duggan, L. M., Aubrey, M., Doherty, E., Isquith, P., Levine, M., & Scheiner, J. (1989). The credibility of children as witnesses in a simulated child sex abuse trial. In: S. Ceci, M. Toglia, & D. Ross (Eds.), Perspectives on children's testimony (pp. 71–99). New York: Springer-Verlag.
  • Duquette, D. N., & Ramsey, S. H. (1986). Using lay volunteers to represent children in child protection court proceedings. Child Abuse and Neglect, 10, 293–308.
  • Duquette, D. N., & Ramsey, S. H. (1987). Representation of children in child abuse and neglect cases: An empirical look at what constitutes effective representation. Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 20, 341–408.
  • Eckenrode, J., Powers, J., Doris, J., Munsch, J., & Bolger, N. (1988). Substantiation of child abuse and neglect reports. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 9–16.
  • Egeland, B. (1990, April 4). Testimony on behalf of the Society for Research on Child Development before the U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect at a hearing on research policy, Arlington, VA.
  • Egeland, B., Jacobvitz, D., & Sroufe, L. A. (1988). Breaking the cycle of abuse. Child Development, 59, 1080–1088.
  • Evans, G. (1993). Foster care facts and figures. Unpublished manuscript, National Association of Foster Parents, Houston.
  • Everson, M. D., Hunter, W. M., Runyon, D. K., Edelsohn, G. A., & Coulter, M. L. (1989). Maternal support following disclosure of incest. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 59, 197–207.
  • Everson, M. D., & Boat, B W. (1989). False allegations of sexual abuse by children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 230–235.
  • Everson, M. D., & Boat, B. W. (1994). Putting the anatomical doll controversy in perspective: An examination of the major uses and criticisms of the dolls in child sexual abuse evaluations. Child Abuse and Neglect, 18, 113–129.
  • Famularo, R., Kinscherff, R., Bunshaft, D., Spivak, G., & Fenton, T. (1989). Parental compliance to court-ordered treatment interventions in cases of child maltreatment. Child Abuse and Neglect, 13, 507–514.
  • Fanshel, D., Finch, S., & Grundy, J. (1989a). Foster children in life-course perspective: The Casey Family Program experience. Child Welfare, 68, 467–478.
  • Fanshel, D., Finch, S., & Grundy, J. (1989b). Modes of exit from foster family care and adjustment at time of departure of children with unstable life histories. Child Welfare, 68, 391–402.
  • Farrar, J., & Goodman, G. S. (1992). Developmental differences in event memory. Child Development, 63, 173–187.
  • Finkelhor, D. (1993). Epidemiological factors in the clinical identification of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 17, 67–70.
  • Finkelhor, D., Williams, L. M., & Bums, N. (1988). Nursery crimes: Sexual abuse in day care Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Finlayson, L., & Koocher, G. P. (1991). Professional judgment in child abuse reporting in sexual abuse cases. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 22, 464–472.
  • Fivush, R., Gray, J., & Fromhoff, F. A. (1987). Two-year-olds talk about the past. Cognitive Development, 2, 393–409.
  • Fivush, R., & Hammond, N. R. (1989). Time and again: Effects of repetition and retention interval on 2-year-olds' event recall. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 47, 259–213.
  • Flekkøy, M. G. (1991a). Models for monitoring the protection of children's rights. Unpublished manuscript, UNICEF, International Child Development Centre, Florence, Italy.
  • Flekkøy, M. G. (1991b). A voice for children: Speaking out as their ombudsman. London: Jessica Kingsley.
  • Flekkøy, M. G. (1993). Monitoring implementation of the UN Convention on the national level. International Journal of Children's Rights, I. 233–236.
  • Flin, R. H., Stevenson, Y., & Davies, G. M. (1989). Children's knowledge of court proceedings. British Journal of Psychology, 80. 285–297.
  • Fluke, J. D. (1992). National information for child and family services. Protecting Children. 8(3), 9–12.
  • Foley, M. A., & Johnson, M. K. (1985). Confusions between memories for performed and imagined actions: A developmental comparison. Child Development. 56, 1145–1155.
  • Foley, M. A., Johnson, M. K., & Raye, C L. (1983). Age-related changes in confusions between memories for speech and memories for thought. Child Development, 54. 51–60.
  • Fox, R E. (1991). Proceedings of the American Psychological Association, Incorporated, for the year 1990: Minutes of the Council of Representatives, August 9 and 12, 1990, Boston, and February 8–9, 1991, Washington, DC. American Psychologist. 46. 689–726.
  • Fryer, G. E. Jr., Miyoshi, T. J., & Thomas, P. J (1989). The relationship of child protection worker attitudes to attrition from the field. Child Abuse and Neglect, 13, 345–350.
  • Fryer, G. E., Jr., Poland, J. E., Bross, D. C., & Krugman, R. (1988). The child protective service worker: A profile of needs, attitudes, and utilization of professional resources. Child Abuse and Neglect, 12, 481–490.
  • Gabora, N. J., Spanos, N. P., & Joab, A. (1993). The effects of complainant age and expert psychological testimony in a simulated child sexual abuse trial. Law and Humun Behavior, 17, 103–119.
  • Garbarino, J., & Crouter, A. (1978). Defining the community context of parent-child relationships. The correlates of child maltreatment. Child Development, 49, 604–616.
  • Garbarino, J., & Kostelny, K (1992). Child maltreatment as a community problem. Child Abuse and Neglect, 16, 455–464.
  • Garbarino, J., & Kostelny, K. (1994). Neighborhood-based programs. In: G. B. Melton & F. Barry (Eds.), Protecting children from abuse and neglect: Foundations for a new national strategy on child abuse and neglect (pp. 304–352). New York: Guilford.
  • Garbarino, J., & Sherman, D. (1980). High-risk neighborhoods and high-risk families: The human ecology of child maltreatment. Child Development, 51, 188–198.
  • Garbarino, J., Stott, F. M., & Faculty of the Erikson Institute. (1989). What children can tell us: Eliciting, interpreting, and evaluating information from children. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Geiselman, R. E., Saywitz, K. J., & Bornstein, G. K. (1993). Effects of cognitive questioning techniques on children's recall performance. In: G. S. Goodman & B. L. Bottoms (Eds), Child victims, child witnesses: Understanding and improving testimony (pp. 71–93). New York: Guilford.
  • Globe Newspaper Co. v. Superior Court, 457 U.S. 596 (1982).
  • Goodman, G. S. (Ed.). (1984). The child witness. [Special issue]. Journal of Social Issues, 40(2).
  • Goodman, G. S., & Aman, C. (1990). Children's use of anatomically detailed dolls to recount an event. Child Development. 61, 1859–1871.
  • Goodman, G. S., & Bottoms, B. L. (Eds). (1993). Child victims, child witnesses: Understanding and improving testimony. New York: Guilford.
  • Goodman, G. S., Bottoms, B. L., Herscovici, B. B., & Shaver, P. (1989). Determinants of the child victim's perceived credibility. In S. Ceci, D. Ross, & M. Toglia (Eds.), Perspectives on children's testimony (pp. 1–22). New York: Springer-Verlag.
  • Goodman, G. S., Bottoms, B. L., Schwartz-Kenney, B., & Rudy, L. (1991). Children's memory for a stressful event: Improving children's reports. Journal of Narrative and Life History, 1, 69–99.
  • Goodman, G. S., Golding, J., Helgeson, V., Haith, M. M., & Michelli, J. (1987). When a child takes the stand: Jurors' perceptions of children's eyewitness testimony. Law and Human Behavior. 11. 21–40.
  • Goodman, G. S., Hirschman, J., Hepps, D., & Rudy, L. (1991), Children's memory for stressful events. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 37. 109–158.
  • Goodman, G. S., Levine, M., Melton, G. B., & Ogden, D. (1991). Child witnesses and the Confrontation Clause: The American Psychological Association brief in Maryland v. Craig. Law and Human Behavior. 15, 13–29.
  • Goodman, G. S., Quas, J., Batterman-Faunce, J. M., Riddlesberger, M., & Kuhn, J. (1994). Predictors of accurate and inaccurate memories of traumatic events experienced in childhood. Consciousness and Cognition. 3. 269–294.
  • Goodman, G. S., & Reed, R. S. (1986). Age differences in eyewitness testimony. Law and Human Behavior. 10, 317–332.
  • Goodman, G. S., & Schwartz-Kenney, B. M. (1992). Why knowing a child's age is not enough: Influences of cognitive, social, and emotional factors on children's testimony. In: H. Dent & R. Flin (Eds.), Children as witnesses (pp. 15–32). Chichester, England: Wiley.
  • Goodman, G. S., Taub, E. P., Jones, D. P. H., England, P., Port, L. K. Rudy, L., & Prado, L. (1992). Testifying in criminal court. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 57(Serial No. 229), 1–142.
  • Gray, E. (1990, April 4). Testimony before the U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect at a hearing on research policy, Arlington, VA.
  • Gray, E. (1993). Unequal justice: The prosecution of child sexual abuse. New York: Free Press.
  • Graziano, A. M., & Mills, J. R. (1992). Treatment for abused children: When is a partial solution acceptable? Child Abuse and Neglect 16, 217–228.
  • Grisso, T. (1981). Juveniles' waiver of rights: Legal and psychological competence. New York: Plenum.
  • Haas, L. J., Malouf, J. L., & Mayerson, N. H. (1988). Personal and professional characteristics as factors in psychologists' ethical decision making. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 19, 35–42.
  • Harper, G., & Irvin, E. (1985). Alliance formation with parents: Limit setting and the effect of mandated reporting. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 55, 550–560.
  • Hill, P. E., & Hill, S. M. (1987). Videotaping children's testimony: An empirical view. Michigan Law Review, 85, 809–833.
  • Hogan, D. B. (Ed). Professional regulation [Special issue]. Law and Human Behavior, 7(2 & 3).
  • Hudson, J. (1990). Constructive processes in children's event memory. Developmental Psychology, 26, 180–187.
  • Hudson, J., & Fivush, R. (1991). As time goes by: Sixth graders remember a kindergarten experience. Journal of Applied Cognitive Psychology, 5, 347–360.
  • Hunter, W. M., Coulter, M. L., Runyan, D. L., & Everson, M. D. (1990). Determinants of placement for sexually abused children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 14, 407–417.
  • Hyman, I.E., Husband, T. H., & Billings, F. J. (1995). False memories of childhood expereinces. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 9, 181–187.
  • Irueste-Montes, A. M., & Montes, F. (1988). Court-ordered vs. voluntary treatment of abusive and neglectful parents. Child Abuse and Neglect, 12, 33–39.
  • Isquith, P. K., Levine, M., & Scheiner, J. (1993). Blaming the child: Attribution of responsibility to victims of child sexual abuse. In: G. S. Goodman & B. L. Bottoms (Eds), Child victims, child witnesses: Understanding and improving testimony (pp. 203–228). New York: Guilford.
  • Jellinek, M. S., Murphy, J. M., Poitrast, F., Quinn, D., Bishop, S. J., & Goshko, M. (1991). Serious child maltreatment in Massachusetts: The course of206 children through the courts. Child Abuse and Neglect, 16, 179–185.
  • Johnson, M., & Foley, M. A. (1984). Differentiating fact from fantasy: The reliability of children's memory. Journal of Social Issues, 40(2), 33–50.
  • Kail, R. (1989). The development of memory in children (3rd ed.). New York: Freeman.
  • Kalichman, S. C. (1991). Laws on reporting sexual abuse of children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 618–619.
  • Kalichman, S. C. (1993). Mandated reporting of suspected child abuse: Ethics, law, and policy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Kalichman, S. C., & Brosig, C. L. (1991, August). Determinants of child abuse reporting: Suspicions, certainty, and clinical hunches. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco.
  • Kalichman, S. C., & Brosig, C. L. (1992). The effects of child abuse reporting laws on psychologists' reporting behavior: A comparison of two state statutes. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 62, 284–296.
  • Kalichman, S. C., & Craig, M. E. (1991). Professional psychologists' decisions to report suspected abuse: Clinician and situation influences. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 22, 84–89.
  • Kalichman, S. C., Craig, M. E., & Follingstad, D. (1989). Factors influencing the reporting of father'child sexual abuse: Study of licensed practicing psychologists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 20, 84–89.
  • Kamerman, S. B., & Kahn, A. J. (1990a). If CPS is driving child welfare, where do we go from here? Public Welfare, 48(1), 9–13.
  • Kamerman, S. B., & Kahn, A. J. (1990b). The problems facing social services for children, youth, and families. Children and Youth Services Review, 12(1'2), 7–20.
  • Kean, R. B., & Dukes, R. L. (1991). Effects of witness characteristics on the perception and reportage on child abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 15, 423–435.
  • Kendall-Tackett, K. A. (1992). Professionals' standards of “normal” behavior with anatomical dolls and factors that influence these standards. Child Abuse and Neglect, 16, 121–133.
  • Kendall-Tackett, K. A., & Watson, M. W. (1991). Factors that influence professionals' perceptions of behavioral indicators of child sexual abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 6, 385–395.
  • Kendall-Tackett, K. A., & Watson, M. W. (1992). Use of anatomical dolls by Boston-area professionals. Child Abuse and Neglect, 16, 423–428.
  • Kim, D. S. (1986). How physicians respond to child maltreatment cases. Health and Social Work, 11, 95–106.
  • King, M. A., & Yuille, J. C. (1987). Suggestibility and the child witness. In: S. J. Ceci, M. P. Toglia, & D. Ross (Eds.), Children's eyewitness memory (pp. 24–35). New York: Springer-Verlag.
  • Kempe, C., Silverman, F., Steele, B., Droegemueller, W., & Silver, H. (1962). The battered child syndrome. Journal of the American Medical Association, 181, 4–11.
  • Klee, L., & Halfon, N. (1987). Mental health care for foster children in California. Child Abuse and Neglect, 11, 63–74.
  • Klotz, J. A., Wexler, D. B., Sales, B. D., & Becker, J. V. (1992). Cognitive restructuring through law: A therapeutic jurisprudence approach to sex offenders and the plea process. University of Puget Sound Law Review, 15, 579–595.
  • Krugman, R. D. (1988). It's time to stop shredding records. Child Abuse and Neglect, 12, 139.
  • Lamond, D. (1989). The impact of mandatory reporting legislation on reporting behavior. Child Abuse and Neglect, 13, 471–480.
  • Leichtman, M., & Ceci, S. J. (1995). Effects of stereotypes and suggestions on preschoolers' reports. Developmental Psychology, 31, 568–578.
  • Leifer, M., Shapiro, J. P., & Kassem, L. (1993). The impact of maternal hisotry and behavior upon foster placement and adjustment in sexually abused girls. Child Abuse and Neglect, 17, 755–766.
  • Leippe, M., Manion, A. P., & Romanczyk, A. (1993). Discemibility or discrimination? Understanding jurors' reactions to accurate and inaccurate child and adult eyewitnesses. In: G. S. Goodman & B. L. Bottoms (Eds.), Child victims, child witnesses: Understanding and improving testimony (pp. 169–201). New York: Guilford.
  • Leippe, M., & Romanczyk, A. (1987). Children on the witness stand: A communication/persuasion analysis of jurors' reactions to child witnesses. In: S. Ceci, M. P. Toglia, & D. F. Ross (Eds.), Children's eyewitness memory (pp. 155–176). New York: Springer-Verlag.
  • Leippe, M., Romanczyk, A., & Manion, A. (1991). Eyewitness memory for a touching experience: Accuracy differences between child and adult witnesses. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 367–379.
  • Lerman, P. (1994). Child protection and out-of-home care: System reforms and regulating placements. In: G. B. Melton & F. Barry (Eds.), Protecting children from abuse and neglect: Foundations for a new national strategy on child abuse and neglect (pp. 353–437). New York: Guilford.
  • Levine, R. J. (1986). Ethics and regulation of clinical research (2nd ed.). Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenberg.
  • Levine, M., Anderson, E., Terreti, L., Sharma, A., Steinberg, K., & Wallach, L. (1991, August). Mandated reports and therapy in the context of the child protection system. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco.
  • Levine, M., & Doherty, E. (1991). The Fifth Amendment and therapeutic requirements to admit abuse. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 18, 98–112.
  • Lind, E. A., & Tyler, T. R. (1988). The social psychology of procedural justice. New York: Plenum.
  • Linton, M. (1982). Transformations of memory in everyday life. In: U. Neisser(Ed), Memory observed (pp. 77–92). San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
  • Lipovsky, J. A. (1994). The impact of court on children: Research findings and practical recommendations. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 9, 238–257.
  • Lipovsky, J. A., Tidwell, R., Crisp, J., Kilpatrick, D. G., Saunders, B. E., & Dawson, V. L. (1992). Child witnesses in criminal court: Descriptive information from three Southern states. Law and Human Behavior, 16, 635–650.
  • Loftus, E. F. (1979). Eyewitness testimony. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Loftus, E. F. (1992, May). Repressed memories. Paper presented at the NATO Conference on Child Witnesses, Barga, Italy.
  • Loftus, E. L., & Pickrell, J. (in press). The formation of false memories. Psychiatric Annals..
  • Maney, A., & Wells, S. (Eds.). (1988). Professional responsibilities in protecting children: A public health approach to child sexual abuse New York: Praeger.
  • Marin, B. V., Holmes, D. L., Guth, M., & Kovac, P. (1979). The potential of children as eyewitnesses. Law and Human Behavior, 3, 295–306.
  • Maryland v. Craig, 497 U.S. 836 (1990).
  • Mayer, B. (1989). Mediation in child protection cases: The impact of third-party intervention on parental compliance attitudes. In: J. B. Kelly (Ed.), Empirical research on divorce and family mediation (pp. 89–106). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • McCurdy, K., & Daro, D. (1993). Current trends in child abuse reporting andfatalities: The results of the 1992 annualfifty state survey. Chicago: National Center on Child Abuse Prevention Research.
  • McDonald, T. P., & Johnson, W. (1993). Tracking reported sexual abuse cases. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 2, 1–11.
  • McGee, R. A., Wolfe, D. A., Yuen, S. A., Wilson, S. K., & Carnochran, J. (1995). The measurement of maltreatment: A comparison of approaches. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19, 233–249.
  • Melton, G. B. (1981). Children's competency to testify. Law and Human Behavior, 5, 73–85.
  • Melton, G. B. (1983). Decision making by children: Psychological risks and benefits. In: G. B. Melton, G. P. Koocher, & M. J. Saks (Eds.), Children's competence to consent (pp. 21–40). New York: Plenum.
  • Melton, G. B. (1987). The clashing of symbols: Prelude to child and family policy. American Psychologist, 42, 345–354.
  • Melton, G. B. (1988). The significance of law in the everyday lives of children and families. Georgia Law Review, 22, 851–895.
  • Melton, G. B. (1990). Certificates of confidentiality under the Public Health Service Act: Strong protection but not enough. Violence and Victims, 5, 71–75.
  • Melton, G. B. (1991a). Lessons from Norway: The children's ombudsman as a voice for children. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 23, 197–254.
  • Melton, G. B. (1991b). Preserving the dignity of children around the world: The U N. Convention on the Rights of the Child. Child Abuse and Neglect, 15, 343–350.
  • Melton, G. B. (1992a). Children as partners for justice: Next steps for developmentalists. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 57(Serial No. 229), 153–159.
  • Melton, G. B. (1992b). Foreign innovations in dispute resolution in matters related to juvenile justice and child protection. Report to the Judicial Council of California, San Francisco.
  • Melton, G. B. (1992c). It's time for neighborhood research and action. Child Abuse and Neglect, 16, 909–913.
  • Melton, G. B. (1992d). The law is a good thing (Psychology is, too): Human rights in psychological jurisprudence. Law and Human Behavior, 16, 381–398.
  • Melton, G. B. (1994a). Doing justice and doing good: Conflicts for mental health professionals. Future of Children, 4(2), 102–118.
  • Melton, G B. (1994b). Expert opinions: Not for cosmic understanding. In B. D. Sales & G. R. VandenBos (Eds.), Psychology in litigation and law (pp. 55–99). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Melton, G. B., Berliner, L., Limber, S. P., Jacobs, J. E., Oberlander, L. B., & Yamamoto, M. (1992) Preparing sexually abused children for testimony: Children's perceptions of the legal process (Final report to the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, Grant 90–CA–1274). Lincoln: University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Center on Children, Families, and the Law.
  • Melton, G. B., & Corson, J. (1987). Psychological maltreatment and the schools: Problems of law and professional responsibility. School Psychology Review, 16, 188–194.
  • Melton, G. B., & Davidson, H. A. (1987). Child protection and society: When should the state intervene? American Psychologist 42, 172–175.
  • Melton, G. B., & Flood, M. F. (1994). Research policy and child maltreatment: Developing the scientific foundation for effective protection of children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 18(Supp. 1), 1–28.
  • Melton, G. B., Levine, R. J., Koocher, G. P., Rosenthal, R. & Thompson, W. C. (1988). Community consultation in socially sensitive research: Lessons from clinical trials of treatments for AIDS. American Psychologist, 43, 573–581.
  • Melton, G. B., & Limber, S. (1989). Psychologists' involvement in cases of child maltreatment: Limits of role and expertise. American Psychologist, 44, 1225–1233.
  • Melton, G. B., & Limber, S. P. (1992). What rights mean to children: Children's own views. In: M. Freeman & P. Veerman (Eds.), Ideologies of children's rights (pp 167–187). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff.
  • Melton, G. B., & Saks, M. J. (1985). The law as an instrument of socialization and social structure. In: G. B. Melton (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Vol. 33. The law as a behavioral instrument (pp. 235–277). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
  • Melton, G. B., & Stanley, B. H. (in press). Research involving special populations. In B. H. Stanley, J. E. Sieber, & G. B. Melton (Eds), Research ethics: A psychological approach. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
  • Melton, G. B., & Thompson, R. A. (1987). Getting out of a rut: Detours to less traveled paths in child witness research. In: S. J. Ceci, M. P. Toglia, & D. F. Ross (Eds.), Children's eyewitness memory (pp. 209–229). New York: Springer-Verlag.
  • Memon, A., Cronin, Ò)., Eaves, R., & Bull, R. (1992, September). An empirical test of the “mnemonic components” of the cognitive interview. Paper presented at the Third European Conference on Law and Psychology, Oxford, England.
  • Merritt, K., Omstein, P. A., & Spicker, B. (1994). Children's memory for a salient medical procedure: Implications for testimony. Pediatrics, 94, 17–23.
  • Metropolitan Court Judges Committee. (1986). Deprived children: A judicial response—703 recommendations. Reno, NV: National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges.
  • Miller, P. J., & Sperry, L. L. (1988). Early talk about the past: The origins of conversational stories of personal experience. Journal of Child Language, 15, 293–315.
  • Miller, R. D., & Weinstock, R. (1987). Conflict of interest between therapist-patient confidentiality and the duty to report sexual abuse of children. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 5, 161–174.
  • Monahan, J., & Walker, L. (1994). Social science in law: Cases and materials (3rd ed.). Westbury, NY: Foundation.
  • Morison, S., & Greene, E. (1992). Juror and expert knowledge of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 16, 595–613.
  • Moston, S. (1987, September). The effects of the provisions of social support in child interviews. Paper presented at the meeting of the British Psychological Society, York, England.
  • Moston, S. (1992). Social support and children's eyewitness testimony. In: H. Dent & R. Flin (Eds), Children as witnesses (pp. 33–46). Chichester, England: Wiley.
  • Muehleman, T., & Kimmons, C. (1981). Psychologists' views on child abuse reporting, confidentiality, life, and the law: An exploratory study. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 12, 631–638.
  • Murphy, J. M., Bishop, S. J., Jellinek, M. S., Quinn, D., & Poitrast, F. G. (1992). What happens after the care and protection petition? Reabuse in a court sample. Child Abuse and Neglect, 16, 485–493.
  • Murphy-Berman, V. (1994). A conceptual framework for thinking about risk assessment and case management in child protective service. Child Abuse and Neglect, 18, 193–201.
  • Myers, J. E. B. (1987 & Cum. Supp. 1989). Child witness law and practice. New York: Wiley.
  • Myers, J. E. B. (1992a). Legal issues in child abuse and neglect. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Myers, J. E. B. (1992b). Steps toward forensically relevant research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 57(Serial No. 229), 143–152.
  • Myers, J. E. B. (1993). A call for forensically relevant research. Child Abuse and Neglect, 17, 573–579.
  • Myers, J. E. B., Goodman, G. S. Qin, J. J., Quas, J. A., Schuder, M., Rogers, L., & Redlich, A. (1995, July). Children'sout-of court statements: Effects of hearsay on jurors' decisions. Paper pre-seted at a conference sponsored by the National Institute of Justice, Washington, DC.
  • Myers, N., Clifton, R. K., & Clarkson, M. G. (1987). When they were very young: Almost threes remember two years ago. Infant Behavior and Development, 10, 123–132.
  • National Center on Child Abuse Prevention Research. (1990). Reducing child abuse 20% by 1990: Preliminary assessment. Unpublished manuscript, National Committee for Prevention of Child Abuse, Chicago.
  • National Commission on Family Foster Care. (1991). A blueprint for fostering infants, children, and youths in the 1990s. Washington, DC: Child Welfare League of America.
  • National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges, Child Welfare League of America, Youth Law Center, & National Center for Youth Law. (n.d). Making reasonable efforts: Steps for keeping families together. New York: Edna McConnell Clark Foundation.
  • National Institute of Justice. (1992). New approach to interviewing children: A test of its effectiveness. Washington, DC: Author.
  • Nelson, B. (1984). Making an issue of child abuse: Political agenda setting for social problems. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Nelson, K. (1986). Event knowledge: Structure and function in development. Hilldale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Newberger, E. H. (1983). The helping hand strikes again: Unintended consequences of child abuse reporting. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 12, 307–311.
  • Nightingale, N. N. (1993). Juror reactions to child victim witnesses: Factors affecting trial outcome. Law and Human Behavior, 17, 679–694.
  • Nigro, G. N., Buckley, M. A., Hill, D. E., & Nelson, J. (1989). When juries “hear” children testify: The effects of eyewitness age and speech style on jurors' perceptions of testimony. In: S. J. Ceci, D. F. Ross, & M. P. Toglia (Eds.), Perspectives on children's testimony (pp. 57–70). New York: Springer-Verlag.
  • Office of the Commissioner for Children. (1991). An appraisal of the first year of the Children, Young Persons, and Their Families Act 1989. Wellington, New Zealand: Author.
  • Oschner, J. E., & Zaragoza, M. S. (1988, March). The accuracy and suggestibility of children's memory for neutral and criminal eyewitness events. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, Miami, FL.
  • Otto, R., & Melton, G. B. (1990). Trends in legislation and case law on child abuse and neglect. In: R. T. Ammerman & M. Hersen (Eds.), Children at risk: An evaluation of factors contributing to child abuse and neglect (pp. 55–83). New York: Plenum.
  • Panel on Research on Child Abuse and Neglect. (1993). Understanding child abuse and neglect. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
  • Parker, J. F., & Carranza, L. E. (1989). Eyewitness testimony of children in target-present and target-absent lineups. Law and Human Behavior, 13, 133–150.
  • Parker, J. F., Haverfield, E., & Baker-Thomas, S. (1986). Eyewitness testimony of children. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 16, 287–302.
  • Parker, J. F., Silverman, W., & Buffkin, A. (1994, March). Children's source monitoring of everyday actions. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, Santa Fe, NM.
  • Parton, N. (1985). The politics of child abuse. New York: St. Martin's.
  • Parton, N. (1991). Governing the family: Childcare, child protection and the state. New York: St. Martin's.
  • Patton, W. W. (1992–1993). Child abuse: The irreconcilable differences between criminal prosecution and informal dependency court mediation. Journal of Family Law, 31, 37–64.
  • Pellegrin, A., & Wagner, W. G. (1990). Child sexual abuse: Factors affecting victims' removal from the home. Child Abuse and Neglect, 14, 53–60.
  • Pelton, L. H. (Ed). (1981). The social context of child abuse and neglect. New York: Human Sciences.
  • Pelton, L. H. (1989). For reasons of poverty: A critical analysis of the public child welfare system in the United States. New York: Praeger.
  • Pelton, L. H. (1992). The development and use of national child welfare information. Protecting Children, 8(3), 7–8, 12.
  • Pelton, L. H. (1994). The role of material factors in child abuse and neglect. In: G. B. Melton & F. Barry (Eds.), Protecting children from abuse and neglect: Foundationsfor a new national strategy on child abuse and neglect (pp. 131–181). New York: Guilford.
  • Perry, N., & Wrightsman, L. (1991). The child witness. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Peters, D. (1991, April). Confrontational stress and children's testimony. In: M. DeSimone & M. P. Toglia (Chairs), Lying and truthfulness among young children. Symposium presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Seattle.
  • Pezdek, K. (1995, July). What types of false childhood memories are not likely to be suggestively implanted? Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Applied Research on Memory and Cognition, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
  • Phillips, D., Howes, C., & WhiteBook, M. (1992). The social policy context of child care: Effects on quality. American Journal of Community Psychology, 20, 25–51.
  • Pillemer, D., & White, S. (1989). Childhood events recalled by children and adults. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 21, 297–340.
  • Pipe, M. E., & Goodman, G. S. (1991). Elements of secrecy: Implications for children's testimony. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 9, 33–41.
  • Poole, D., & Lindsay, S. (1994, March). Interviewing preschoolers: Effects of nonsuggestive techniques, parental coaching, and leading questions on reports of nonexperienced events Paper presented at the American Psychology-Law Society, Santa Fe, NM.
  • Pope, K. S., Tabachnick, B. G., & Keith-Spiegel, P. (1987). The beliefs and behaviors of psychologists as therapists. American Psychologist, 42, 993–1006.
  • Potts, L. F. (1991). The Youth Protection Program of the Boy Scouts of America. Child Abuse and Neglect, 16, 441–445.
  • Realmuto, G. M., & Wescoe, S. (1992). Agreement among professionals about child's sexual abuse status: Interviews with sexually anatomically correct dolls as indicators of abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 16, 719–725.
  • Research and Evaluation Advisory Panel. (1994). Child victim witness investigative pilot project. Sacramento: California Attorney General's Office.
  • Rindfleisch, N., & Nunno, M (1992). Progress and issues in the implementation of the 1984 out-of-home care proection amendment. Child Abuse and Neglect, 16, 693–708.
  • Roesch, R. (1990). From the editor. Law and Human Behavior, 14, 1–3.
  • Rosenfeld, B. D. (1992). Court-ordered treatment of spouse abuse. Clinical Psychology Review, 205–226.
  • Ross, D. F., Dunning, D., Toglia, M. P., & Ceci, S. J. (1989). Age stereotypes, communication modality, and mock jurors' perceptions of the child witness. In: S. J. Ceci, D. F. Ross, & M. P. Toglia (Eds), Perspectives on children's testimony (pp. 37–56). New York: Springer-Verlag.
  • Rovee-Collier, C., & Hayne, H. (1987). Reactivation of infant memory: Implications for cognitive development. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 20, 185–238.
  • Rudy, L., & Goodman, G. S. (1991). Effects of participation on children's reports: Implications for children's testimony. Developmental Psychology, 27, 527–538.
  • Runyan, D. K., Everson, M. D., Hunter, W. M., & Coulter, M. L. (1988). Impact of legal intervention on sexually abused children. Journal of Pediatrics, 113, 647–653.
  • Saks, M. J. (1986). The law does not live by eyewitness testimony alone. Law and Human Behavior, 10, 279–280.
  • Saks, M. J., & Melton, G. B. (in press). Is it possible to legislate morality? Encouraging psychological contributions to problems of research ethics. In B. H. Stanley, J. E. Sieber, & G. B. Melton (Eds.), Research ethics: A psychological approach. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
  • Sas, L. D. (1991). Reducing the system-induced trauma for child sexual abuse victims through court preparation, assessment and follow-up (Final report to the National Welfare Grants Division, Canadian Ministry of Health and Welfare, Project No. 4555–1–125). London, Ontario: London Family Court Clinic.
  • Sas, L. D., Hurley, P., Hatch, A., Malla, S., & Dick, T. (1993). Three years after the verdict: A longitudinal study of the social and psychological adjustment of child witnesses referred to the child witness project. London, Ontario: London Family Court Clinic.
  • Saywitz, K. J. (1989). Children's conceptions of the legal system: “Court is a place to play basketball.” In: S. J. Ceci, D. F. Ross, & M. P. Toglia (Eds), Perspectives on children's testimony (pp. 131–157). New York: Springer-Verlag.
  • Saywitz, K. J. (1992a, Summer). Enhancing children's memory with the cognitive interview. APSAC Advisor, pp. 9–10.
  • Saywitz, K. J. (1992b). Principles of child development for judicial application. Unpublished manuscript, University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychiatry.
  • Saywitz, K. J. (1994, March). Questioning child witnesses. Violence Update, pp. 3–4, 8, 10.
  • Saywitz, K. J., Geiselman, R. E., & Bomstein, G. K. (1992). Effects of cognitive interviewing and practice on children's recall performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 744–756.
  • Saywitz, K. J., Goodman, G. S., Nicholas, E., & Moan, S. F. (1991). Children's memories of a physical examination involving genital touch: Implications for reports of child sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 682–691.
  • Saywitz, K. J., Jaenicke, C., & Comparo, L. (1990). Children's knowledge of legal terminology. Law and Human Behavior, 14, 523–536.
  • Saywitz, K. J., & Nathanson, R. (1993). Children's testimony and their perceptions of stress in and out of the courtroom. Child Abuse and Neglect, 17, 613–622.
  • Saywitz, K. J., Nathanson, R., Snyder, L., & Lamphear, V. (1993). Preparing children for the investigative and judicial process: Improving communication, memory and emotional resiliency (Final report to the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, Grant No. 90–CA–1179). Torrance: University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychiatry.
  • Saywitz, K. J., & Snyder, L. (1991, April). Effects of comprehension monitoring training on children's eyewitness reports. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Seattle.
  • Saywitz, K. J., & Snyder, L. (1993). Improving children's testimony with preparation. In: G. S. Goodman & B. L. Bottoms (Eds), Child victims, child witnesses: Understanding and improving testimony (pp. 117–146). New York: Guilford.
  • Schor, D., & Sivan, A. (1989). Interpreting children's labels for sex-related body parts of anatomically explicit dolls. Child Abuse and Neglect, 13, 525–531.
  • Schwartz-Kenney, B., & Goodman, G. S. (1991, April). Memory impairment in children. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Seattle.
  • Shaw, M., & Phear, W. P. (1991). Innovation in dispute resolution: Case status conferences for child protection and placement proceedings in the state of Connecticut. Family and Conciliation Courts Review, 29, 270–290.
  • Small, M. A., & Melton, G B. (1994). Evaluation of child witnesses for confrontation by criminal defendants. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 25, 228–233.
  • Small, M. A., & Wiener, R. A. (Eds). (1993). Jurisprudence [Special issue]. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 11(1).
  • Smith, S., & Meyer, R. (1984). Child abuse reporting laws and psychiatry: A time for reconsideration. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 7, 351–366.
  • Spencer, J. R., & Flin, R. (1990). The evidence of children. London: Blackstone.
  • Stanley, B., & Sieber, J. E. (Eds.). (1992). Social research on children and adolescents: Ethical issues. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Starr, R. (1988, September). The need for child maltreatment research and program evaluation: The United States as a case example. Paper presented at the International Congress on Child Abuse and Neglect, Rio de Janeiro.
  • Steward, M. S., Bussey, K., Goodman, G. S., & Saywitz, K. J. (1993). Implications of developmental research for interviewing children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 17, 25–37.
  • Steward, M. S., & Steward, D. (1990). The development of a model interview for young child victims of sexual abuse: Comparing the effectiveness of anatomical dolls, drawings, and video graphics (Final report to the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect). Sacramento: University of California, Davis, Department of Psychiatry.
  • Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1986). Lying as a problem behavior in children: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 6, 267–289.
  • Summit, R. C. (1983). The child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome. Child Abuse and Neglect, 7, 177–193.
  • Summit, R. C. (1992). Abuse of the child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 1, 153–163.
  • Swoboda, J. S., Elwork, A., Sales, B. D., & Levine, D. (1978). Knowledge of and compliance with privileged communication and child abuse reporting laws. Professional Psychology, 9, 448–457.
  • Tapp, J. L., & Melton, G. B. (1983). Preparing children for decision making: Implications of legal socialization research. In: G. B. Melton, G. P. Koocher, & M. J. Saks (Eds), Children's competence to consent (pp. 215–233). New York: Plenum.
  • Tedesco, J. F., & Schnell, S. V. (1987). Children's reactions to sex abuse investigation and litigation. Child Abuse and Neglect, 11, 267–272.
  • Terr, L. C. (1988). What happens to early memories of trauma? A study of 20 children under age 5 at the time of documented traumatic events. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 96–104.
  • Thoennes, N. (1991). Mediation and the dependency court: The controversy and three courts' experience. Family and Conciliation Courts Review, 29, 246–258.
  • Thoennes, N., & Tjaden, P. G. (1990). The extent, nature, and validity of sexual allegations in custody/visitation disputes. Child Abuse and Neglect, 14, 151–163.
  • Thompson, R. A., & Wilcox, B. L. (1995). Child maltreatment research: Federal support and policy issues. American Psychologist, 50, 789–793.
  • Tjaden, P. G., Thoennes, N. (1992). Predictors oflegal intervention in child maltreatment cases. Child Abuse and Neglect, 16, 807–821.
  • Tobey, A. E., & Goodman, G. S. (1992). Children's eyewitness memory: Effects of participation and forensic context. Child Abuse and Neglect, 16, 779–796.
  • Tobey, A., Goodman, G. S., Batterman-Faunce, J. M., Orcutt, H., Thomas, S., & Sachsenmaier, T. (1995). Balancing the rights of children and defendants: Effects of closed-circuit television on children's accuracy and jurors' perceptions. In: M. Zaragora, J. Graham, G. Hall, R. Hirschman, & Y. Ben-Porath (Eds.), memory and testimony in the child witness (pp. 214–239). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Trupin, E. W., Tarico, V. S., Low, B. P., Jemelka, R., & McClellan, J. (1993). Children on child protective service caseloads: Prevalence and nature of serious emotional disturbance. Child Abuse and Neglect, 17, 345–355.
  • United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. (1989). U.N. Doc. A/Res/44/25.
  • U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect. (1990). Child abuse and neglect: Critical first steps in response to a national emergency (No. 017–092–00104–5). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  • U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect. (1991). Creating caring communities: Blueprintfor an effective federal policy on child abuse and neglect. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  • U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect. (1992). The continuing child protection emergency: A challenge to the nation. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  • U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect. (1993). Neighbors helping neighbors: A new national strategy for the protection of children. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1989). Availability of FY 1989 funds and request for applications; child abuse and neglect program. Federal Register, 54, 23, 566–23, 587.
  • Wald, M. S., Carlsmith, J. M., & Leiderman, P. H. (1988). Protecting abused and neglected children. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Wald, M. S., & Woolverton, M. (1990). Risk assessment: The emperor's new clothes. Child Welfare, 69, 483–511.
  • Walker, A. G. (1993). Questioning young children in court: A linguistic case study. Law and Human Behavior, 17, 59–81.
  • Warren, A., & Tate, C. (1990). Can young children lie convincingly if coached by adults? Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, Williamsburg, VA.
  • Warren-Leubecker, A., Bradley, C., & Hinton, I. (1988, March). Scripts and the development of flashbulb memories. Paper presented at the Conference on Human Development, Charleston, SC.
  • Warren-Leubecker, A., & Springfield, M. (1987, April). Flashbulb memory revisited: Children recall the Space Shuttle accident. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Baltimore.
  • Warren-Leubecker, A., Tate, C. S., Hinton, I. D., & Ozbek, I. N. (1989). What do children know about the legal system and when do they know it? First steps down a less traveled path in child witness research. In: S. J. Ceci, D. F. Ross, & M. P. Toglia (Eds.), Perspectives on children's testimony (pp. 158–183). New York: Springer-Verlag.
  • Watson, H., & Levine, M. (1989). Psychotherapy and mandated reporting of child abuse. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 59, 246–256.
  • Weisberg, K. (1984). The “discovery” of sexual abuse: Experts' role in legal formulation. U.C. Davis Law Review, 18, 1–57.
  • Wells, G. L., Turtle, J. W., & Luus, C. A. E. (1989). The perceived credibility of child eyewitnesses: What happens when they use their own words? In: S. J. Ceci, D. F. Ross, & M. P. Toglia (Eds.), Perspectives on the child witness (pp. 23–36). New York: Springer-Verlag.
  • Wells, S., Stein, T., Fluke, J., & Downing, J. (1989). Screening in child protective services. Social Work, 34, 45–48.
  • Westcott, H. L., & Davies, G. M. (1994). Sexually abused children's and young people's perspectives on investigative interviews. Unpublished manuscript, National Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Children (London, England), Public Policy Department.
  • Westcott, H. L., Davies, G. M., & Clifford, B. R. (1989). The perceived credibility of child eyewitnesses: What happens when they use their own words? In: S. J. Ceci, D. F. Ross, & M. P. Toglia (Eds.), Perspectives on the child witness (pp. 23–36). New York: Springer-Verlag.
  • Wexler, D. B., & Winick, B. J. (1991). Essays in therapeutic jurisprudence. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic.
  • Whitcomb, D. (1992). When the victim is a child (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
  • Widom, C. S. (1990a). Does violence beget violence? A critical examination of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 3–28.
  • Widom, C. S. (1990b). The cycle of violence. Science, 244, 160–166.
  • Willis, C. L., & Wells, R. H. (1988). The police and child abuse: An analysis of police decisions to report illegal behavior. Criminology, 26, 695–714.
  • Wolfe, D., Aragona, J., Kaufman, K., & Sandler, J. (1980). The importance of adjudication in the treatment of child abusers: Some preliminary findings. Child Abuse and Neglect, 4, 127–135.
  • Wolfe, V. V., Sas, L., & Wilson, S. K. (1987). Some issues in preparing sexually abused children for courtroom testimony. Behavior Therapist, 10, 107–113.
  • Wolfner, G., Faust, D., & Dawes, R. M. (1993). The use of anatomically detailed dolls in sexual abuse evaluations: The state of the science. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 2, 1–11.
  • Zaragoza, M. S. (1987). Memory, suggestibility, and eyewitness testimony in children and adults. In: S. J. Ceci, M. P. Toglia, & D. F. Ross (Eds.), Children's eyewitness memory (pp. 53–78). New York: Springer-Verlag.
  • Zaragoza, M. S. (1991). Preschool children's susceptibility to memory impairment. In: J. Doris (Ed.), The suggestibility of children's recollections: Implications for eyewitness testimony (pp. 27–39). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Zellman, G. (1990). Report decision-making patterns among mandated child abuse reporters. Child Abuse and Neglect, 14, 325–336.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.