Abolishing Illiteracy and Upgrading Culture: Adult Education and Revolutionary Hegemony in Socialist Laos

References

• Apter, D., and T. Saich. 1994. Revolutionary Discourse in Mao’s Republic. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Badenoch, N. 2018. “Translating the State: Ethnic Language Radio in the Lao PDR.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 48 (5). DOI: 10.1080/00472336.2018.1462888.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baird, I. 2018. “Party, State and the Control of Information in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic: Secrecy, Falsification and Denial.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 48 (5). DOI: 10.1080/00472336.2018.1451552.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boshier, R., and Y. Huang. 2010. “More Important Than Guns: Chinese Adult Education After the Long March.” Adult Education Quarterly 60 (3): 284–302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, M., and J. Zasloff. 1986. Apprentice Revolutionaries: The Communist Movement in Laos, 1930–1985. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chagnon, J., and R. Rumpf. 1982. “Education: The Prerequisite to Change in Laos.” In Contemporary Laos, edited by M. Stuart-Fox, 163–180. St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chamberlain, J., and G. Evans. 2010. “Interview with James Chamberlain Conducted by Grant Evans on May 7th, 2001 in Vientiane, Lao PDR.” Journal of Lao Studies 1 (1): 86–104.
   Google Scholar
• Creak, S. 2010. “Cold War Rhetoric and the Body: Physical Cultures in Early Socialist Laos.” In Cultures at War: The Cold War and Cultural Expression in Southeast Asia, edited by T. Day and M. Liem. Ithaca: Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Creak, S. 2014. “Laos in 2013: International Controversies, Economic Concerns and the Post-Socialist Rhetoric of Rule.” Southeast Asian Affairs 2014: 151–171.
   Google Scholar
• Creak, S. 2015. Embodied Nation: Sport, Masculinity, and the Making of Modern Laos. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
   Google Scholar
• Creak, S., and K. Barney. 2012. “Distressing Developments in Laos.” New Mandala, December 23. Accessed March 23, 2018. http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/newmandala/2012/12/23/distressing-developments-in-laos/.
   Google Scholar
• Creak, S., and K. Barney. 2018. “Party-State Governance and Rule in Laos.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 48 (5).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doré, A. 1982. “The Three Revolutions in Laos.” In Contemporary Laos, edited by M. Stuart-Fox, 101–115. St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press.
   Google Scholar
• Enfield, N. 1999. “Lao as a National Language.” In Laos: Culture and Society, edited by G. Evans, 258–290. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, G. 1988. Agrarian Change in Communist Laos. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, G. 2002. A Short History of Laos: The Land in Between. Crows Nest: Allen and Unwin.
   Google Scholar
• Goscha, C. 2004. “Vietnam and the World Outside: The Case of the Vietnamese Communist Advisers in Laos (1948–62).” South East Asia Research 12 (2): 141–185.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, S. 1988. “The Toad in the Garden: Thatcherism among the Theorists.” In Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, edited by C. Nelson and L. Grossberg. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
   Google Scholar
• High, H. 2013. “Laos in 2012: In the Name of Democracy.” Southeast Asian Affairs 2013: 135–150.
   Google Scholar
• Hamburg: GIGA Working Papers, No. 18. Accessed December 17, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10419/47809.
   Google Scholar
• Hung, C.-T. 2011. Mao’s New World: Political Culture in the Early People’s Republic Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hunt, L. 1984. Politics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kaysone Phomvihane. 1987. “Lainya mai, thitthang mai, nathi mai lae bang banha pheunthan pheua happakan saisana khong sangkhomninyom” [New Era, New Direction, New Tasks and Some Fundamentals for Guaranteeing the Victory of Socialism]. In Niphon leuak fen 2: kiaokap kansang setthakit nai samai khamphan kaokheun sangkhomninyom [ Selected Writings: Volume 2: Concerning Economic Construction in the Period of Transition to Socialism]. Vientiane: LPDR Publishing Office.
   Google Scholar
• Kerr, A. 1992. Lao-English Dictionary. Bangkok: White Lotus.
   Google Scholar
• Langer, P. 1971. “Education in the Communist Zone of Laos.” Santa Monica: Rand Corporation, P-4726. Accessed April 16, 2018. https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/papers/2005/P4726.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Lao Patriotic Front. 1971. Khunsombat matthanyom neung [Qualities: Junior High School One]. No place: Central Education Office of the Neo Lao Hak Sat.
   Google Scholar
• Lefebvre, H. 1991. The Production of Space. Malden: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• LIWG Laos. 2013. “Whose Land? Part I.” Land Issues Working Group, September 25. Accessed April 16, 2018. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NRzW1RzGeCA.
   Google Scholar
• Lockhart, B. 2001. “Education in Laos in Historical Perspective.” Unpublished Manuscript, National University of Singapore.
   Google Scholar
• Malarney, S. 2002. Culture, Ritual and Revolution in Vietnam. London: Routledge Curzon.
   Google Scholar
• Mayes, W. 2009. “Unsettled Post-Revolutionaries in the Online Public Sphere.” Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia 24 (1): 89–101.
   Google Scholar
• McBeth, J. 1979. “Laos: The Government under Guard.” Far Eastern Economic Review 105 (34): 10–11.
   Google Scholar
• MESRA. 1977. Hat taeng leuang: bo. 2 bo. 3 san pathom labop bamlung vatthanatham (khumeu khu) [Composition Practice: Grade 2-3 Primary Level: Upgrading Culture System (Teacher Handbook)]. Vientiane: Ministry of Education, Sport and Religious Affairs and State Printing Office.
   Google Scholar
• MESRA. 1979. Salup pi hian 1978-79 lae phaenkan seuksa 2 pi 1979–80–1980–81 [ Summary of 1978-79 academic year and two-year plan, 1979–80–1980–81]. Vientiane: Ministry of Education, Sport, and Religious Affairs, July 31. Prime Minister’s Office, Department of Archives MESRA 08/14.
   Google Scholar
• MESRA. 1980. Salup viakngan seuksa kila lae thammakan 5 pi tae 1975 thoeng 1980 [Five-year Summary of Education, Sport, and Religious Affairs Work from 1975 to 1980]. Vientiane: Ministry of Education, Sport, and Religious Affairs, December 19. Prime Minister’s Office, Department of Archives, MESRA 08/15.
   Google Scholar
• MESRA. 1986. Botlaingan kiaokap kansalup viakngan seuksa nai lainya 10 pi ( 1975–1985) [Report summarising education work in the 10-year period (1975–1985)]. Vientiane, Ministry of Education, Sport, and Religious Affairs, June 17. Prime Minister’s Office, Department of Archives, MESRA 08/34.
   Google Scholar
• Nakhonkham Bouphanouvong. 2003. Sixteen Years in the Land of Death. Revolution and Reeducation in Laos. Bangkok: White Lotus.
   Google Scholar
• Ninh, K. 2002. A World Transformed: The Politics of Culture in Revolutionary Vietnam, 1945–1965. Ann Arbor: Michigan University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pholsena, Vatthana. 2006. Post-war Laos: The Politics of Culture, History and Identity. Singapore: ISEAS Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Pholsena, Vatthana. 2012a. “La production d’hommes et de femmes socialistes nouveaux. Expériences de la éducation communiste au Laos révolutionnaire.” In Laos: Sociétés et pouvoirs, edited by V. Bouté and Vatthana Pholsena. Bangkok: Irasec and les Indes savantes.
   Google Scholar
• Pholsena, Vatthana. 2012b. “The (Transformative) Impacts of the Vietnam War and the Communist Revolution in a Border Region in Southeastern Laos.” War & Society 31 (2): 163–183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuart-Fox, M. 1983. “Marxism and Theravada Buddhism: The Legitimation of Political Authority in Laos.” Pacific Affairs 56 (3): 428–454.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuart-Fox, M. 1997. A History of Laos. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Su, X. 2011. “Revolution and Reform: The Role of Ideology and Hegemony in Chinese Politics.” Journal of Contemporary China 20 (69): 307–326.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tréglodé, B. de. 2012. Heroes and Revolution in Vietnam. Singapore: NUS Press.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. 1985. “Nadezhda K. Krupskaya Prize, International Reading Association Literacy Award, Noma Prize and Iraq Lizeracy Prize 1985.” United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Document, Catalogue Number 66518. Accessed April 19, 2018. http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=66518&set=005AD810D8_1_348&gp=1&lin=1&ll=1.
   Google Scholar
• Verdery, K. 1991. “Theorizing Socialism: A Prologue to the ‘Transition.’” American Ethnologist 18 (3): 419–439.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, B. 2010. “Understanding the Chinese Revolution Through Words: An Introduction.” In Words and Their Stories: Essays on the Language of the Chinese Revolution, edited by B. Wang, 1–13. Leiden: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, G. 1960. “The Concept of ‘Egemonia’ in the Thought of Antonio Gramsci: Some Notes on Interpretation.” Journal of the History of Ideas 21 (4): 586–599.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada, N. 2018. “Legitimation of the Lao People’s Revolutionary Party: Socialism, Chintanakan Mai (New Thinking) and Reform.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 48 (5). DOI: 10.1080/00472336.2018.1439081.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar