Comparing Brokers in India: Informal Networks and Access to Public Services in Bihar and Gujarat

References

• Auerbach, A. 2016. “Clients and Communities.” World Politics 68 (1): 111–148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auyero, J. 2001. Poor People’s Politics: Peronist Survival Networks and the Legacy of Evita. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bailey, F. 1970. Politics and Social Change: Orissa in 1959. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bardhan, P. 1993. “Symposium on Democracy and Development.” The Journal of Economic Perspectives 7 (3): 45–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berenschot, W. 2010. “Everyday Mediation: The Politics of Public Service Delivery in Gujarat, India.” Development and Change 41 (5): 883–905.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berenschot, W. 2011. Riot Politics: India‘s Hindu-Muslim Violence and the Indian State. London: Hurst.
   Google Scholar
• Berenschot, W. 2014. “Political Fixers and India’s Patronage Democracy.” In Patronage as Politics in South Asia, edited by A. Piliavsky, 196–217. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Berenschot, W. 2015. “Clientelism, Trust Networks, and India’s Identity Politics: Conveying Closeness in Gujarat.” Critical Asian Studies 47 (1): 24–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berenschot, W. 2019. “Informal Democratization: Brokers, Access to Public Services and Democratic Accountability in Indonesia and India.” Democratization 26 (2): 208–224.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beteille, A. 1991. Society and Politics in India: Essays in a Comparative Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya, D. 2016. Government as Practice: Democratic Left in a Transforming India. Delhi: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Björkman, L. 2014. “‘You Can’t Buy a Vote’: Meanings of Money in a Mumbai Election.” American Ethnologist 41 (4): 617–634.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bovens, M. 2007. “Analysing and Assessing Accountability: A Conceptual Framework.” European Law Journal 13 (4): 447–468.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brass, P. 1965. Factional Politics in an Indian state: The Congress Party in Uttar Pradesh. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chandra, K. 2004. Why Ethnic Parties Succeed: Patronage and Ethnic Head Counts in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chatterjee, P. 2004. The Politics of the Governed: Reflections on Popular Politics in Most of the World. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Corbridge, S., G. William, M. Srivastava, and R. Veron. 2005. Seeing the State: Governance and Governmentality in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• de Wit, J. 2017. Urban Poverty, Local Governance and Everyday Politics in Mumbai. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• De Zwart, F. 1994. The Bureaucratic Merry-go-round. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Edelman, B., and M. Arup. 2006. “‘Slum Dwellers’ Access to Basic Amenities: The Role of Political Contact, Its Determinants and Adverse Effects.” Review of Urban & Regional Development Studies 18 (1): 25–40.
   Google Scholar
• Fuller, C., and V. Benei. 2009. The Everyday State and Society in Modern India. Delhi: Social Science Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gopal Jayal, N., and P. Mehta, eds. 2010. The Oxford Companion to Politics in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Grindle, M. 2007. Going Local: Decentralization, Democratization, and the Promise of Good Governance. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hale, H. 2011. “Formal Constitutions in Informal Politics: Institutions and Democratization in Post-Soviet Eurasia.” World Politics 63 (4): 581–617.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauser, W. 2004. “From Peasant Soldiering to Peasant Activism: Reflections on the Transition of a Martial Tradition in the Flaming Fields of Bihar.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 47 (3): 401–434.
   Google Scholar
• Heinz, C. 2013. Bihar. The Modern Anthropology of India: Ethnography, Themes and Theory. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Heller, P. 2011. “Making Citizens from Below and Above: The Prospects and Challenges of Decentralization in India.” In Understanding India’s New Political Economy: A Great Transformation?, edited by S. Ruparelia, S. Reddy, J. Harris, and S. Corbridge, 157–171. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Holland, A., and B. Palmer-Rubin. 2015. “Beyond the Machine: Clientelist Brokers and Interest Organizations in Latin America.” Comparative Political Studies 48 (9): 1186–1223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaffrelot, C. 2003. India’s Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India. London: Hurst.
   Google Scholar
• Jaffrelot, C. 2013. “Gujarat Elections: The Sub-text of Modi’s ‘Hattrick’ – High Tech Populism and the ‘Neo-Middle Class’.” Studies in Indian Politics 1 (1): 79–95.
   Google Scholar
• Jakimow, T. 2019. “The ‘Servants’ of Dehradun: A Changing Relationship between Municipal Councillors and Voters in India.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 49 (3). DOI: 10.1080/00472336.2018.1527388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jha, M., and Pushpendra, eds. 2014. Traversing Bihar: The Politics of Development and Social Justice. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan.
   Google Scholar
• Jha, S. 1972. Political Elite in Bihar. Bombay: Vora.
   Google Scholar
• Jha, S., V. Rao, and M. Woolcock. 2007. “Governance in the Gullies: Democratic Responsiveness and Leadership in Delhi’s Slums.” World Development 35 (2): 230–246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohli, A. 1990. Democracy and Discontent: India’s Growing Crisis of Governability. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kohli, A., and P. Singh, eds. 2013. Routledge Handbook of Indian Politics. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Koster, M. 2012. “Mediating and Getting ‘Burnt’ in the Gap: Politics and Brokerage in a Recife Slum, Brazil.” Critique of Anthropology 32 (4): 479–497.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kothari, R. 1964. “The Congress ‘System’ in India.” Asian Survey 4 (12): 1161–1173.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishna, A. 2007. “Politics in the Middle: Mediating Relationships between the Citizens and the State in Rural North India.” In Patrons, Clients, and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition, edited by H. Kitschelt and S. Wilkinson, 141–159. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, H., and R. Somanathan. 2016. “Affirmative Action and Long-run changes in Group Inequality in India.” WIDER Working Paper No. 2016/85.
   Google Scholar
• Linz, J., and A. Stepan. 1996. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe. New York: JHU Press.
   Google Scholar
• Manor, J. 2000. “Small-Time Political Fixers in India’s States: ‘Towel over Armpit’.” Asian Survey 40 (5): 816–835.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manor, J. 2016. “India’s States: The Struggle to Govern.” Studies in Indian Politics 4 (1): 8–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mares, I., and L. Young. 2016. “Buying, Expropriating, and Stealing Votes.” Annual Review of Political Science 19: 267–288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michelutti, L. 2007. “The Vernacularization of Democracy: Political Participation and Popular Politics in North India.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 13 (3): 639–656.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pai, S. 2013. Handbook of Politics in Indian States: Region, Parties, and Economic Reforms. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Reddy, G., and G. Haragopal. 1985. “The Pyraveekar:‘The Fixer’ in Rural India.” Asian Survey 25 (11): 1148–1162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy, R. 2010. “Caste and Political Recruitment in Bihar.” In Caste in Indian Politics, edited by R. Kothari, 215–42. Hyderabad: Orient BlackSwan.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider, M. 2016. “Does Clientelism Work? A Test of Guessability in India.” Paper, Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, April 3–6.
   Google Scholar
• Spodek, H. 2013. “Pogrom in Gujarat, 2002: Neighborhood Perspectives.” The Journal of Asian Studies 72 (2): 417–421.
   Google Scholar
• Stokes, S. 2005. “Perverse Accountability: A Formal Model of Machine Politics with Evidence from Argentina.” American Political Science Review 99 (3): 315–325.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokes, S., T. Dunning, M. Nazareno, and V. Brusco. 2013. Brokers, Voters, and Clientelism: The Puzzle of Distributive Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Szwarcberg, M. 2015. Mobilizing Poor Voters: Machine Politics, Clientelism and Social Networks in Argentina. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thachil, T. 2014. Elite Parties, Poor Voters: How Social Services Win Votes in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weiner, M. 1967. Party Building in a New Nation: The Indian National Congress. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Witsoe, J. 2012a. “Caste and Democratization in Postcolonial India: An Ethnographic Examination of Lower Caste Politics in Bihar.” Democratization 19 (2): 312–333.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witsoe, J. 2012b. “Everyday Corruption and the Political Mediation of the Indian State.” Economic & Political Weekly 47 (6): 47–54.
   Google Scholar
• Witsoe, J. 2013. Democracy against Development: Lower-Caste Politics and Political Modernity in Postcolonial India. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Yagnik, A., and S. Suchitra. 2005. The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva and Beyond. New Delhi: Penguin India.
   Google Scholar
• Ziegfeld, A. 2016. Why Regional Parties? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar