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Articles

Counter-insurgency in the Philippines

Pages 153-177 | Published online: 02 Apr 2008

FOOTNOTES

  • For full discussion and documentation, See Shalom Stephen R. US-Philippine Relations: A Study of Neo-Colonialism Boston University 1976 unpublished Ph.D dissertation chap. 9
  • Wurfel , David . 1954 . The Philppine Rice Share Tenancy Act . Pacific Affairs , 27 ( 1 ) March : 41 – 41 . 45–46; Philippine Congressional Record, Senate, 15 March 1948, p.542; Benedict J. Kerkvliet, “Peasant Rebellion in the Philippines; the Origins and Growth of the HMB,” unpublished Ph.D dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1972, pp.669, 716–17, 742n112; New York Times (hereafter NYT) 7 March 1948, p.25; Teodoro A. Agoncillo, A Short History of the Philippines, NY: Mentor, 1969, pp.268–69. On the defensive nature of Huk activity in this period, see Kerkvliet, p. 578, and Kenze L. Hoeksema, “Communism in the Philippines: A Historical and Analytical Study of Communism and the Communist Party in the Philippines and Its Relation to Communist Movements Abroad,” unpublished Ph.D dissertation. Harvard University, 1956, pp. 344, 375.
  • Smith , Robert Ross . 1963 . The Hukbalahap Insurgency: Economic, Political and Military Factors , Washington, DC : Office of the Chief of Military History, Dept. of the Army . (photostat), P.81; Uldarico S. Baclagon, Lessons from the Huk Campaign in the Philippines, Manila: M. Colcol & Co., 1960, pp. 179–80. On PCterror and corruption, see Alberto M. Bautista, “The Hukbalahap Movement in the Philippines, 1942–1952,” unpublished MA thesis, Berkeley, 1954,pp. 125–27; Smith, p.85; Counter Guerrilla Operations in the Philippines, 1946–1953, a seminar on the Huk campaign held at Fort Bragg, NorthCarolina, 15 June 1961, p. 29 (hereafter cited as Fort Bragg Seminar); Alvin H. Scaff, The Philippine Answer to Communism Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1955 p. 35.
  • June 1947 . Report and Recommendations of the Joint Philippine-American Finance Commission June , Manila 7 House Doc. No. 390, 8 July 1947, pp.35-37; Smith, p.60; US Congressional Record (hereafter Cong. Rec), HR' ( April 1947, p. 3247;22 April 1947, p. A 1807; Sen., 26 Sept. 1949, p. 13237.
  • House Doc. No. 390 3 – 5 . William McC. Martin Jr., memorandum for John W. Snyder, 1 Feb. 1950, John W. Snyder Papers, Truman Library; Hearings, executive session. Reviews of the World Situation: 1949–1950, Senate Foreign Relations Committee (hereafter CFK), 1949–50, made public June 1974, Historical Series, p.156 (hereafter Hearings, (World Situation); Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department. NY: Signet, 1969, p.341. On business interests: Hankers Trust Co., NY “The Philippines, Jan. 1948: Notes prepared by one of our representatives who recently visited that country,” p. 10 in Myron M Cowen Papers, Truman Library; NSC 84/2, “A Report to the President by the National Security Council on the Position of the United States With Respect to the Philippines,” Washington: 9 Nov. 1950, p.8 (printed in Philippines Information Bulletin, vol. 3 no. 5, Dec 1975 (hereafter NSC 84/2).
  • Grossholtz , Jean . 1964 . Politics in the Philippines , 167ff – 167ff . Boston : Little, Brown & Co. . citing Elpidio Quirino, “Memoirs,” Manila Sunday Times Magazine, 27 Jan. 1957.
  • Abueva , Jose V. 1971 . Ramon Magsaysay: A Political Biography , 142 – 142 . Manila : Solidaridad Publishing House .
  • Hartendorp , A.V.H. 1963 . A History of Industry and Trade of the Philippines , 280 – 280 . Manila : American Chamber of Commerce of the Philippines . James K. Dalton, “The Ins and Outs in the Philippines,” Far Eastern Survey, 30 July 1952, p. 121; Violet E. Wurfel, “American Implementation of Philippine Independence,” unpublished Ph.D dissertation. University of Virginia, 1951, pp. 600–04.
  • Dalton . Nov. 1949 . NYT Nov. , 121 – 121 . 9 p. 19; Blake Clarke, “Are the Philippines Going the Way of China?” Readers Digest, June 1950, p.33. See also Abueva, Magsaysay. p.141 n.4.
  • Nov. 1949 . NYT Nov. , 20 – 20 . 24 30 Nov. 1949, p. 19; Dept. of State, Office of Public Affairs, “The Philippines Today,” Nov. 1951, Far Eastern Series 51, Dept of Stale Publication 4415,pp. 9-10 Heiksema, pp.344, 372, 375; Carlos P. Romulo and Marvin M. Gray,The Magsaysay Story, NY: John Day Co., 1956, p.104.
  • Hearings . 1951 . Nomination of Philip C. Jessup to be United States Representative to the 6th General Assembly of the United Nations , 603 – 603 . CFR . (assumption); Dept. of Defense, United States- Vietnam Relations, 1945 –1967, printed for the use of the House Armed Services Co., 1971, vo. 8, pp. 257, 271 (on NSC) (hereafter Pentagon Papers, DoD).
  • Hearings . 1949–50 . To Amend the Philippine Rehabilitation Act of 1946 , 62 – 62 . House Foreign Affairs Committee . (hereafter CFA) (hereafter Hearings, Amend Rehabilitation): Con. Rec., HR, 30 June 1950,p. A4 899; Hearings, World Situation, 10 Jan. 1950, p.156.
  • Pentagon Papers Vol. 8 , 247 – 249 . DoD 253; Egbert White, “How to Make Friends in Asia,” 25 Nov. 1952, pp.7,10 attached to Egbert White to Dwight D. Eisenhower, 5 Dec. 1952, Dwight D. Eisenhower Papers, Eisenhower Library. See also Hearings, World Situation, 12 Oct. 1949, p. 87; Acheson, p.856.
  • Vandenbosch , Amry and Butwell , Richard A. 1957 . Southeast Asia among the World Powers , 94 – 94 . Lexington, Ky : University of Kentucky Press .
  • Dept. of State . 1944 . Foreign Relations of the United States Vol. 5 , 1404 – 1405 . (hereafter Fr) Edward W. Mill, “The Origins of the Agencies of Philippine Foreign Affairs,” Philippine Social Science and Humanities Review, vol. 20, no. 2 June 1955, pp.114 118; Dept. of State Bulletin, 28 Sept. 1947, p. 646; Manuel Roxas, Papers. Addresses and Other Writings of Manuel Roxas, Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1954, vol. 1, pp. 146-47.
  • NSC 51 . July 1949 . A Report to the National Security Council by the Secretary of Slate on US Policy Toward Southeast Asia, Washington July , 21 – 21 . 1 in Modern Military Records, National Archives (hereafter NSC 51)
  • Hearings . Amend Rehabilitation 59 – 60 .
  • Hearings . Amend Rehabilitation 98 – 98 . Edgar G. Crossman to Harry S. Truman, 19 Aug. 1947, Snyder Papers. See also Public Papers of the Presidents (hereafter PPP), Truman, 1950, p.448; NSC 51, p. 16.
  • Hearings . Amend Rehabilitation 94 – 95 . Cheryl Payer, “Exchange Controls and National Capitalism: the Philippine Experience, ” Journal of Contemporary Asia, vol 3, no. 1 1973, pp. 58-59. See also Dept of State Bulletin, 19 June 1950, p.1019.
  • McC. Martin , William Jr. Feb. 1950 . Snyder Papers Feb. , memorandum for Snyder, 1 PPP Truman, 1950, pp.151–52; Dean Acheson to Truman, 1 June 1950, Truman to Elpidio Quirino, 1 June 1950, Quirino to Truman, 8 June 1950, all in HarryS. Truman Papers, Truman Library; Myron M. Cowen to James A. Jacobson, 10 Aug. 1950. C'owen Papers.
  • 1947 . FR Vol. 6 , 11171 – 11120 . FR 1948, vol. 6, pp.630-31. The figure on fiscal 1950 military aid is in Report of the MDAP Survey Team to the Philippines, IMACC D 32, 8 Feb. 1950,(unpublished, Dept. of State), pp.3 and tab A (hereafter Melhy Report).
  • Dec. 1949 . Dept. of State Bulletin Dec. , 951 – 951 . 19 Melby Report, pp.1–3
  • JUSMAG . March 1950 . Semi-Annual Appraisal of the Joint US Military Advisory Group to the Republic of the Philippines March , 1 – 1 . 25 4, 5; Semi-Annual Appraisal. 1 Aug.–31 Dec. 1950, (18 Jan. 1951), pp.2,28; Weekly Summary of Activities, for week ending 3 Dec. 1949 (8 Dec. 1949), p.1; week ending 3 June 1950 (8 June 1950). p.5.; week ending 15 April 1950 (20 April 1950), p.1., all in National Archives, Record Group 334, 319.1; Hearings, To Amend the Mutual Defense Assistance Act of 1949, CFA, 1950, p.43.See also NYT 5 March 1950; Abueva, Magsaysay, pp. 147–48; Edward G. Lansdale, In the Midst of Wars: An American's Mission to Southeast Asis, NY: Harper & Row, 1972, p.20.
  • Lansdale . Midst 14 – 15 .
  • April 1964 . NYT April , 1 – 1 . 13 Cabell Phillips, The Truman Presidency, NY: Macmillan, 1966, pp. 305.08; Walter LaFeber, America, Russia and the Cold War, 1945–1966, NY: John Wiley & Sons. 1967, pp.90–91, 104; Life, 17 April 1950, p.54 PPP, Truman, 1950, p. 448; minutes of briefing for Erskine Mission, 18 Sept. 1950,p.17,attached to JUSMAG, Weekly, 29 Sept. 1950 (hereafter “Erskine briefing“). The State Dept. official is Louis J. Halle, The Cold War as History, NV: Harper & Row, 1967, pp.239–40.
  • Halle . 240 – 240 .
  • 1950 . PPP, Truman 492 – 492 . 502, 506–07; Communication from the President of the US Transmitting a Supplemental Estimate of Appropriations for the Fiscal Year 1951 of $4,000,000,000 to Provide Military Assistance to Foreign Nations. 1 Aug, 1950, p.2. printed as House Doc. No. 670, 1950; “Erskine briefing,” p.I 7.
  • JUSMAG . Feb. 1953 . Semi Feb. , 1 annex 2. p.8; Hearings, To Amend the Mutual Defense Assistance Act of 1949. CFA, 1950, pp.61–62; Hoeksema, p.466; Max Beloff, Soviet Policy in the Far East. 1944–1951, London: Oxford University Press, 1953, pp.243n4, 245; Fort Bragg Seminar, p.24; A.H. Peterson, G.C. Reinhardt, and E.E. Conger (eds), Symposium an the Role of Airpower in Counter-insurgency and Unconventional Warfare: the Philippine Huk Campaign, RM-3652-PR, SantaMonica: RAND corp., June 1963, p.22; Luis Taruc. He Who Rides the Tiger, NY: Praeger, 1967, p.33.
  • Lansdale . Midst 14 – 15 .
  • Leland S. Hobbs to Elpidio Quirino, 10 Aug. 1950, Leland S. Hobbs to Douglas MacArthur Papers, MacArthus Library; Hearings US Security Agreements and Commitments Abroad: part 1: the Republic of the Philippines CFR subcommittee 1969 36 36 “Address of his Fxcellency Elpidio Quirino, President of the Philippines, on the Occasion of the Celebration of the 5th Anniversary of the Independence of the Philippines on July 4. 1951 at the New Luneta, Manila,” (pamphlet, Republic of the Philippines, no date).
  • Abueva . Magsaysay 153n13 – 153n13 . H. Bradford Westerfield, The Instruments of America's Foreign Policy, NY: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1963, p.410; Romula and Gray, p.106; William O. Douglas, North from Malays: Adventure on Five Fronts, Garden City,NY; Doubleday, 1953, p.110; Carlos Quirino, Magsaysay, Rizal: Carmelo & Bauermann, 1964, p.44; Carlos P. Romula, Crusade in Asis, NY: John Day Co., 1955, p.123; Frances L. Starner, Magsaysay and the Philippine Peasantry: The Agrarian Impact on Philippine Politics. 1953– 1956, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1961, pp.245n39, 245n52, 245n104; William E. Daughterty, “Magsaysay and the Philippine Huks, ” in William E. Daugherty (ed.) in collaboration with Morris Janowitz, Psychological Warfare Casebook, Baltimore: Operations Research Office, John Hopkins University, 19S8, p.370. The Cowen quotation is from Myron M. Cowen to Macario Peralta Jr., 6 July 1950, Cowen Papers.
  • Abueva . Magsaysay 1 – 33 . 48–51, 60, 62–64. 1939 average wage is from 1939 Census of the Philippines, vol. 2, p.676.
  • Abueva . Magsaysay 133 – 133 . (Galahad), 143, 146 (JUSMAG), 145 (speech), contacts during trips: Lansdale. Midst, pp.1 3-14; Westerfield, p.4 10; Avueva, Magsaysay, p.146.
  • Quirino , C. 53 – 53 .
  • Abueva . Magsaysay 172 – 172 . 172n31; Hobbs to Eisenhower, 6 April 1954, Eisenhower Papers: JUSMAG, Semi, 18 Jan. 1951, p.3; Lansdale, Midst, pp.36–37; Time, 23 Nov. 1953,p.37; top secret letter to Myron M. Cowen from internal evidence from Edward G. Lansdale. 15 April 1952, Cowen Papers [this file contains three lop secret letters to Cowen, all unsigned. One has pencilled in “CIA Manila.” One is dated 22 April 1952, one is updated, and one has the dale 15 April 1951 pencilled in. From internal evidence, the latter date should amost certainly be 1952, and the undated one is probably late Feb. 1952. Also from internal evidence, all are from Lansdale. Hereafter these letters will be referred to as Lansdale to Cowen letters, para 1, 2, or 3 for the presumed Feb., 15 April, and 22 April 1952 letters respectively.]; Edward G. Lansdale to author, 29 Dec. 1968.
  • Lansdale . Midst 4 – 5 . 11.–14.
  • Abueva . Magsaysay 159n4 – 159n4 .
  • Romulo and Gray . 133 – 134 . NYT 30 Aug. 1951, p.3.; Westerfield p.411; Romulo, p.130; Abueva, Magsaysay, p.180n6. On removal of corrupt officers, see Smith, p. 102. C. Quirino, p.68, claims some rewards were as high as P250,000.
  • Hearings . 1959 . Mutual Security Act of 1959 , 1476 – 1476 . CFA . Lansdale to Cowen letter para 2; Donn V Hart, “Magsaysay: Philippine Candidate,” Far Eastern Survey, May p.68, citing Jose M. Crisol, “Psychological Warfare in the Philippines,” Philippine Armed Forces Journal, Nov. 1952, pp.18–21; Daugherty, pp.371–72; J USMAG, Semi, 1 Aug. 1952, annex 4, p.21; JUSMAG, Weekly, 24 Jan. 1951. p.1.
  • Lansdale to Cowen letters paras 1 and 2 JUSMAG Semi 1952 Aug. 1 annex 4, pp.20–21; (Semi, 1. Feb. 1953, annex 2, p.16; Abueva, Magsaysay, pp.183–84, 226nl 3; Lansdale, Midst, pp.92–93; Napoleon D. Valeriano and Charles T.R. Bohannan, Counter-Guerrilla Operations: the Philippine Experience, NY. Praeger, 1962, p.226.
  • Coquia , Jorge R. 1955 . The Philippine Presidential Election of 1953 , 309 – 310 . Manila : University Publishing Co. . Bureau of Social Science Research, The American University, Communications and Public Opinion in the Philippines. A Survey of Selected Sources, draft, prepared for the Office of Research and Intelligence, US Information Agency, Jan. 1955, BSSR para 674, pp.53, 68–69, 87–89; V.E. Wurfel. pp. 555–56.
  • Lansdale . Midst 72 – 73 . Lansdale to Cowen letter para 1. See also JUSMAG, Weekly, 6 March 1952,p. 1. The earlier instance of exploiting ethnic differences is in Hearings, Affairs in the Philippine Islands, Senate Committee on the Philippines, 1902, p.533.
  • JUSMAG . Aug. 1952 . Semi Aug. , 21 – 21 . 1 annex 4
  • Lansdale . Midst 376 – 376 .
  • Lansdale to Cowen letter para 3 Bull Frate Land Reform in the Philippines, 1950–1958 International Cooperation Administration, 1958 (?), pp. 18–19, citing Ray E. Davis, Final report, Feb. 1957;NYT, 29 March 1953, p.11; Romalo and Gray,p.146; Jesus M. Vargas, Communism in Decline: the Huk Campaign, Bangkok: SFATO, 1966, p.15; Fort Bragg Seminar, p.56; Smith, p.110. Huk views are indicated in Hearings, Mutual Security Act Extension, CFA, 1952, p.924; William J. Pomeroy, “Lessons of the Philippine Guerrilla War,” Monthly Review, Sept 1963, p.247. The figures are from Frank H. Golay, The Philippines: Public Policy and National Economic Development. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Paperpacks, 1968 edition, p.284. For a wholly uncritical account of EDCOR, see Scaff.
  • Hilsman , Roger . Aug. 1970 . interview transcript , Aug. , 22 – 22 . Kennedy Oral History Project, Kennedy Library . 14
  • Army historian: Smith 105 – 105 . 122; on JUSMAG: J USMAG, Semi, I 8 July 1951, p.17; Semi, 18 Jan. 1951,pp 13, 28; “Erskine briefing,” pp.13–14.
  • Erskine briefing 13 – 14 . JUSMAG, Weekly, 7 June 195 I, p.8; 9 July 1951, pp.6–7; Semi, 14 Feb. 1952,p.2; 1 Feb. 1953, annex 1.
  • JUSMAG . Jan. 1951 . Semi Jan. , 7 – 7 . 18 28, 49; 18 July 1951, pp.14–16, 21 ; Weekly, 4 Jan. 1951, p.1.; 1 Feb. 1951,p.1.; 21 Feb. 1951, p.1.; 14 March 1951, p.1 ; 26 April 1951, p.2.; 7 May 1951,p.2.
  • JUSMAG . Aug. 1950 . Weekly Aug. , 2 – 2 . 3 “Erskine briefing,” ppp.13–14; JUSMAG, Semi, 18 July 1951, pp.27–28.
  • JUSMAG . Jan. 1951 . Semi Jan. , 26 – 26 . 18 18 July 1951, p.49; Weekly, 7 Feb. 1951, pp.1–2; Semi, 1 Aug. 1952,annex 4, p.22; Lansdale lo Cowen letter para 1.
  • JUSMAG . Jan. 1951 . Semi Jan. , 16 – 16 . 18 18 July 195I, p.60; 14 Feb. 1952, p.4, annex F, pp.4-5; 1 Aug. 1952, p.5., annex6, p.7.
  • JUSMAG . Nov. 1949 . Weekly Nov. , 2 – 3 . 17 13 Dec. 1950. p.2.; 22 Dec 1950, pp.3–4; II Jan. 1952, p. 7; Semi, 14 Feb. 1952, annex F, p.5., Hearings, Mutual Security Program, DFA, 1951, p.1318 (this last source refers only to an unnamed Far Eastern country, but it seemsclear that the country is the Philippines).
  • Peterson , Reinhardt and Conger . 36 – 36 .
  • Lansdale to Cowen letter number 1
  • NSC 84/2 1 – 1 . 11
  • NSC 84/2 6 – 6 .
  • Bell Report 1 – 1 . (quote), 3–5, 59, 81, 95, 101, 105. The high level acceptance of the Bell Mission's recommendations is reflected in NSC 84/2.
  • Bell Report 5 – 5 . David Wurfel, “Foreign Aid and Social Reform in Political Development: A Philippine Case Study,” American Political Science Review, vo. 53, no. 2, June 1959, p. 463; Dept. of State, American Foreign Policy, 1950–1955, Basic Documents, Washington, DC: July 1957, p.2320; Dept. of State, Transcript of RoundTable Discussion on American Policy Toward China Held in the Department of State, October 6, 7 and 8, 1949, Washington, p.127; CIA, “Certain Problems Created by the US Military Assistance Program,” 30 Jan. 1959,p.10, in Joseph M. Dodge Files, Eisenhower Library.
  • Republic of the Philippines, Dept. of Foreign Affairs . 1953 . Treaty Series , 2 ( 1 ) Jan. : 11 – 12 . Hearings, World Situation, 28 Nov. 1950, p.386.
  • Hearings . 1951 . Mutual Security Act of 1951 , 631 – 632 . CFR and Senate Armed Services Committee . Cong Rec., HR, 23 Aug. 1951, pp.A5369-A5370; D. Wurfel, “Foreign,” p.466.
  • Jan. 1952 . NYT Jan. , 81 – 81 . 3
  • Bell Report 55 – 55 . David Wurfel, “Philippine Agrarian Reform under Magsaysay (II),” Far Eastern Survey, vol. 37, no. 2, Feb. 1958, p.28; Conrado K. Estrella, The Democratic Answer to the Philippine Agrarian Problem, Manila: Solidaridad Publishing House, p.37.
  • Theodore Tannenwald Jr. to Norman Paul, 10 Theodore Tannenwald Papers Truman Library 1952 Nov. 409 409 On aid, see Westerfield
  • Mutual Security Administration (Robert S. Hardie) . 1952 . Philippine Land Tenure Reform: Analysis and Recommendations 21 – 21 . Manila 32–33, 25 (principle), 8 (communism)
  • Starner . 137 – 137 . Bull, p.72; Hernando, J. Abaya, The Untold Philippine Story, Quezon City:Malaya Hooks, 1967, pp.75–78.
  • Truman , Harry S. April 1951 . Truman Papers April , 6 George W. Humphrey, memorandum for the President. 29 June 1953, Eisenhower Papers; NYT, 15 April 1951, p.46; Dun and Bradstreet's International Markets, Dec. 1953, p.46.
  • Bell Report 70 – 70 .
  • Hell Report 67 – 67 . also pp.53, 68
  • Golay . 79 – 80 . 84
  • Langsang , Jose A. 1952 . The Philippine-American Experiment: A Filipino View . Pacific Affairs , 25 ( 3 ) Sept. : 228 – 228 . Russell H. Fifield, “The Challenge to Magsaysay,” Foreign Affairs, vo. 33, no. 1, Oct. 1954, p.152; Willard H. Elsbree, “The Philippines, “ in Rupert Emerson (ed.). Representative Government in Southeast Asia, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1955, p.107.
  • Quirino , C. 76 – 77 . Lansdale, “Lessons,” p.7.
  • Liang . 339n179 – 339n179 . NYT, 11 Nov. 1951, p.3. “Election-related deaths” is, of course, a subjective term and so estimates vary widely.
  • Dean Acheson to Myron M. Cowen, 2 Cowen Papers 1951 May
  • 1949 . FR Vol. 9 , 66 – 66 .
  • Quirino , C. 69 – 69 . 85; A.V.G. Hartendorp, A History of Industry and Trade of the Philippines, Manila: Philippine Education Co., 1961, p.1. Articles are listed in Coquia, p.2 36n47, and Harold F. Gosnell, “An Interpretation of the Philippine Election of 1953,” American Political Science Review, vol. 48, no. 4. Dec. 1954,pp.1132–1133n13.
  • Coquia . 1955 . The Philippine Presidential Election of 1953 , 237 – 237 . Manila : University Publishing Co. .
  • Abueva , Jose V. Oct. 1964 . “ Bridging the Gap between the Elite and the People in the Philippines ” . In Philippine Journal of Public Administration Vol. 8 , Oct. , 333 – 334 .
  • Abueva . Magsaysay 210n15 – 210n15 . L. Fletcher Prouty, The Secret Team: the CIA and its Allies in Control of the World, 9 NY: Ballantine Books, 1973, pp. 38–39, 93.,
  • Romulo and Gray . 162 – 166 . 168; Westerfield, pp.413–14; C. Quirino, p.94; Abueva, Magsaysay, pp.212n, 213. On Gonzalez, see Isidro L. Restizos and D.H. Soriano, Philippine Who's Who. Quezon City: Capital Publishing House, Inc., 1957, pp.117–18; Hartendorp, History, 1961, pp.26–27.
  • Romulo and Gray . 167 – 167 . Westerfield, p.414; Abueva, Magsaysay, pp.190–91 ;JUSMAG, Semi 18 Jan. 1951, pp.46–47.
  • On fund: Westerfield 411 – 411 . Lansdale, “Lessons,” p.5. On Mexico City: Romulo and Gray, pp.168 –69.
  • Abueva . Magsaysay 226 – 226 . 229–30, 232. Quote from C. Quirino, p.81.
  • March 1953 . NYT March , 1 – 1 . 30 3; Coquia, p.126; Manila Chronicle, 31 March 1953, reprinted in Cong. Rec., Sen., 18 June 1953, p. 6795; Christian Science Monitor, II April1953, reprinted in Cong. Rec, Sen., 20 May 1953, p.5201; NYT, 31 March1953, p.3.
  • Quirino , C. 110 – 110 .
  • March 1953 . Manila Chronicle March , 31 reprinted in Cong Rec., Sen., 18 June 1953, p.6795; Seventh and FinalReport of the High Commissioner to the Philippines, printed as Senate Doc. No. 389, 1947, pp.78, 154; Milton Meyer, Diplomatic History of the Philippine Republic, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1965, p. 108.
  • Aug 1953 . Con Rec. Aug , 11099 – 11100 . Sen., 3 H.K. 1 Aug. 1953, p.A4935. See also Cong Rec., Sen., 20 May 1953, p.5200.
  • Oct. 1953 . Dept. of State Bulletin Oct. , 524 – 524 . 19 16 Nov. 1953, pp.676–77; Tannenwald to Paul, 10 Nov. 1952, Tannenwald Papers.
  • Abueva . Magsaysay 264 – 264 . Coquia, pp.307–10, 327 (Howard); Romulo to Cowen, 10 March 1953, CowenCapers. Alsop is quoted in Abaya, p. 156.
  • Romulo and Gray . 197 – 197 . Hartendorp, History. 1961, p.26; Russell H Fifield, Southeast Asia in United States Policy, NY Praeger, 1963, p.306; Abueva, Magsaysay, pp.260, 358.
  • Abaeva . Magsaysay 256 – 259 . Komulo to Cowen, 9 July 1953, Cowen Papers; Wester field, pp.415– 16;Coquia, p.269; Romulo, p.198.
  • Coquia . 219 – 219 . 246, 262,; David Wurfel, “The Philippines”, Journal of Politics, vol.25, no. 4 Nov. 1963, pp.758, 758n3; Starner, p.53; Lansdale to Cowen, 11 June 1953, secret, Cowen Papers.
  • Lansdale to author, 20 May 1975 Time 1953 Nov. 37 37 23 Carl H. Lande, “Politics in the Philippines,” unpublished Ph.D dissertation, Harvard University, 1958, p.230. Other references to private US funds backing Magsaysay are in Westerfield, p.416; David Wurfel, “The Philippines, ” in George McT. Kahin (ed.), The Governments and Politics of Southeast Asis, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1964, p.703; and Edward K. Kiunisala, “What Elections Mean to Me,” Philippines Free Press, 11 Nov. 1967, p. 6 Lansdale says Americans contributed “small amounts.” (Lansdale to author. 20 May 1975.)
  • Abueva . Magsaysay 253 – 253 . 269
  • Abueva . Magsaysay 265 – 266 . Romulo and Gray, pp.231–32; NYT, 5 Nov. 1953, p.6.
  • Nov. 1953 . NYT Nov. , 6 – 6 . 5 Liang, p.341n208.
  • Nov. 1953 . NYT Nov. , 1. – 1. . 11 Liang, pp.328, 342n214. On JUSMAG, See Westerfield, p.418; Coquia, pp. 134–35; Time, 23 Nov. 1953, p.37; NYT, 19 Nov. 1953, p.10.
  • Ando , Hirofumi . 1971 . Elections in the Philippines: Mass-Elite Interaction through the Electoral Process, 1946–1969 , 81n1 – 81n1 . University of Michigan . unpublished Ph.D dissertation Ansil Ramsay, “Ramon Magsaysay and the Philippine Peasantry,” Philippine Social Sciences and Humanities Review, vol. 30, no. 1 March 1965,p. 74 Starner, p.67.
  • Nov. 1953 . Time Nov. , 3 – 3 . 23 Golay, p.89

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