The scope for People's Democracy in Indian States – The case for Kerala

Footnotes

• An elaborate account of this struggle can be found in P. SundarayyaTelengana People's Struggle and its Lessons Calcutta 1972
   Google Scholar
• For the purpose of this study we need not to go into details, An account of the evolution can be found in Overstreet G.D. Windmiller M. Communism in India 1960 Mohan Ram, Indian Communism. Split within Split 1969; Victor M. Fie, Peaceful Transition to Communism in India, 1969 and Indira Rothermund, Die Spaltung der Kommunistischen ParteiIndines. Wiesbaden 1969.
   Google Scholar
• September 1957 . New Age September , 21 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• April 1957 . New Age April , 4 – 4 . 7
   Google Scholar
• 26.4.56 . Times of India Mohan Ram, op.cit., p.72.
   Google Scholar
• For an idea of the controversy between the two wings with different attitude towards Congress, see Fie Peaceful Transition to Communism in India 1969 238 256
   Google Scholar
• July 1956 . New Times July , Moscow 5 and 2 August The article was reproduced in New Age of October 1956
   Google Scholar
• 1958 . Resolutions of the Communist Party of India , 13 – 13 . Communist Party Publications .
   Google Scholar
• 25.2.59 . Hindu
   Google Scholar
• EMS Namboodiripad . 24.1.60 . “ The Anti-National Face of Congress Allies ” . In New Age in
   Google Scholar
• EMS Namboodiripad . September 1955 . “ Prospects of Capitalist Development in India ” . In New Age September , in
   Google Scholar
• Lieten , G.K. September 1977 . “ Education, Ideology and Politics in Kerala ” . In Social Scientist September , 3 – 20 . (Trivan-drum)
   Google Scholar
• Pillai , K. Padmanabha . 1959 . The Red Interlude in Kerala , 205 – 205 . KPCC Publication .
   Google Scholar
• Malaviya , H.D. 1959 . A Report to the Nation 34 ff – 34 ff . New Delhi
   Google Scholar
• Kotovsky , Grigory . 1964 . Agrarian Relations in India New Delhi and Bhowani Sen, Evolution of Agrarian Relations in India, New Delhi 1962, have analysed this point extensively
   Google Scholar
• Malaviya , H.D. 1959 . A Report to the Nation 85 – 85 . New Delhi
   Google Scholar
• For the educational and agrarian reforms we refer to Turlach Manfred Kerala — Politisch Soziale Struktureines Bundeslandes Wiesbaden 1970 T.K. Oomen, “Agrarian Legislation and Communist Movement”, in Economic and Political Weekly, 4.10.75, pp.1571-1583; T.C. Vaighese, Agrarian Change and Political Consequences, Madras 1970; G.K. Lieten, “Education, Ideology and Politics” in Kerala, in Social Scientist (Trivandrum), September 1977, pp.3–20; G.K. Lieten, “Land Reform. Failure even in Kerala” in EPW. 9.3.77, pp.415–17.
   Google Scholar
• 27.3.57 . Hindu
   Google Scholar
• 2.2.57 . Hindu
   Google Scholar
• 18.3.57 . Times of India
   Google Scholar
• More detailed information on the industrial progress can be found in my unpublished M.Phil, dissertation The Fint Communist Government in Kerala Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi 1974 102 112 and appendices
   Google Scholar
• 15.12.57 . Hindu
   Google Scholar
• 18.5.58 . Hindu
   Google Scholar
• Nair , K. Ramachandran . 1973 . Industrial Relations in Kerala 53 – 53 . New Delhi
   Google Scholar
• 4.10.57 . Hindu 24.4.57, 12.4,57 and 26.2.58
   Google Scholar
• Rajyam , Malayala . 6.4.57 . H.D. Malaviya, op.cit., p.45, quotes Namboodiripad in a similar address to the AITUC Congress at Ernakulam, December 1957.
   Google Scholar
• This account is based on reports in Hindu and Times of India between 30.7.S7 and 8.8.S7, and on the Proceedings of the Kerala Assembly, 22 August 1957. For the further growth of communism in this area see K.C. Alexander, “Emerging Farmer Labour Relations in Kuttanad”, in EPW, 25 August 1973, pp.1551-1560.
   Google Scholar
• 2.11.57 . Hindu
   Google Scholar
• The incidents are reported differently in Sankaran's K. Chandranathope Enquiry Report The Red Interlude in Kerala Pillai K. Padmanabha KPCC Publication 1959 83 83 in and in Open Letter from N. Sreekantan Nair to the Central Executive of the CPI (The Call, August 1958, pp.15–20).
   Google Scholar
• 8.11.58 and 23.10.58 . Hindu
   Google Scholar
• 15.8.57 and 15.12.58 . Indian Worker New Delhi
   Google Scholar
• 3.5.57 . Indian Worker
   Google Scholar
• EMS Namboodiripad . 1974 . Conflicts and Crises — Political India 1974 55 – 55 . Madras
   Google Scholar
• 15.8.57 . Hindu H.D. Malaviya, op.cit., pp.4445
   Google Scholar
• 2.9.57 . “ Government Press Note ” . In Hindu in Kerala State Administrative Report, 1958-59, section on law and order.
   Google Scholar
• Windmiller , Marshall . March 1958 . “ Constitutional Communism in India ” . In Pacific Affairs March , 22 – 35 . in
   Google Scholar
• 1.10.57 . “ The Planters Chronicle ” . In Official Organ of the UPASI
   Google Scholar
• 14.10.59 . The Indian Worker Hindu 4.10.59
   Google Scholar
• Text of Instructions to the Police, laid on the table of the Assembly Kerala Hindu 9.12.58
   Google Scholar
• “ Police Reorganisation Committee ” . In Report of the Trivandrum I960 27 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Reported in Hindu 11.3.59
   Google Scholar
• 1959 . Kerala Government's Reply to KPCC Memorandum Trivandrum Annexure HI
   Google Scholar
• Communist Party of India (Marxist) . 1969 . Political-Organisational Report 117 – 117 . Calcutta
   Google Scholar
• 1.7.58 . The Planters Chronicle
   Google Scholar
• 16.8.57 and 17.8.57 . Hindu
   Google Scholar
• EMS Namboodiripad . June 1958 . Clarification in Assembly of Coimbatore Speech, Proceedings June , 9
   Google Scholar
• August 1958 . Parliamentary Studies (New Delhi) August , 7 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• 25.11.57,19.12.57,16.1.58,31.1.58 and 30.4.58 . Hindu
   Google Scholar
• 4.1.58 . The Weekly Kerala , Ernakulam .
   Google Scholar
• Lieten , G.K. September 1977 . “ Education, Ideology and Politics in Kerala ” . In Social Scientist September , 3 – 20 . in
   Google Scholar
• Turlach , Manfred . 1970 . Kerala — Politisch Soziale Struktureines Bundeslandes 163 – 163 . Wiesbaden
   Google Scholar
• Vadakkan , Father . 22.8.72 . Link in interview with the author
   Google Scholar
• EMS Namboodiripad . 1959 . Kerala and the Ugly Face of Congress , 6 – 6 . CPI Publication . EMS Namboodiripad, Economics and Politics of India's Socialist Pattern, New Delhi 1966, p.365.
   Google Scholar
• 28.4.59 . Malay alee
   Google Scholar
• 30.5.59 . Kerala Janatha
   Google Scholar
• Government of Kerala, Oppositions Preparations for Violent Overthrow of the Government . 1959 . Facts placed before the Prime Minister Trivandrum
   Google Scholar
• Nehru , Jawaharlal . 1962 . An Autobiography 374 – 374 . New Delhi See also L.R, Polonskaya and A.D. Litman, “The Influence of Religion on the social thought of the people of the East”, in Asia in Soviet Studies, Moscow 1969, pp.223–244.
   Google Scholar
• Mullick , B.N. 1972 . My Years with Nehru, 1948–1964 133 – 133 . New Delhi
   Google Scholar
• Nehru . 15.8.58 . “ The Basic Approach ” . In AICC Economic Review The article was reprinted in World Marxist Review'X 958, Vol.4 and sharply criticised by P. Yudin.
   Google Scholar
• Mullick , B.N. 1972 . My Years with Nehru, 1948–1964 212 – 212 . New Delhi EMS Namboodiripad called Indira Gandhi ‘an arch toppler in the making’ for tier role in the liberation movement: ‘Although a newcomer in the field of active political-organisational work, she showed her mettle in rallying all the reactionary, obscurantist, communal and separatist elements with the sole objective of toppling a government whose main, if not the only ‘crime’ was that it sought to implement those very declared policies of the Congress … which the State Governments headed by that very party refused to carry out’, (Namboodiripad, Conflicts and Crises, op.cit., p.58).
   Google Scholar
• Mullick , B.N. 1972 . My Years with Nehru, 1948–1964 355 ff – 355 ff . New Delhi
   Google Scholar
• Debates , Rajya Sabha . 25.8.59 . : 1770 – 1770 . Nehru's speech was reprinted as: “Facets of Indian Communism” in A ICC Economic Review, 1.9.S9.
   Google Scholar
• Election Commission of India Report on the General Election to the Kerala Legislation Assembly 1960 K.G. Krishna Murthy and G. Lakshmana Rao, Political Preferences in Kerala. 1968; Craig Baxter, District Voting Trends in India, 1969.
   Google Scholar
• Gough , Kathleen . 27.2.65 . “ Village Politics in Kerala ” . In Economic and Political Weekly 420 – 420 . in
   Google Scholar